Black-faced munia

Black-faced munia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Estrildidae
Genus: Lonchura
Species: L. molucca
Binomial name
Lonchura molucca
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonyms

Loxia molucca Linnaeus, 1766

The black-faced munia (Lonchura molucca) is a species of estrildid finch found in Indonesia. Other common names include tricoloured munia or chestnut munia. It occurs in a wide range of habitats including artificial landscapes (e.g. parks and gardens), forest, grassland and savannah. It was first described by theSwedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae in 1766. The IUCN has evaluated the status of this bird as being of least concern.

Taxonomy

In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the black-faced munia in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected from the Maluku Islands. He used the French name Le gros-bec de Moluques and the Latin Coccothraustes Moluccensis.[2] Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.[3] When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson.[3] One of these was the black-faced munia. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Loxia molucca and cited Brisson's work.[4] The specific name molucca denotes the Moluccas islands.[5] This species is now placed in the genus Lonchura that was introduced by the English naturalist William Henry Sykes in 1832.[6]

Description

The black-faced munia has a black head and upper throat contrasting with the rufous brown upper parts and the pale lower throat and underparts. The tail, lower belly and the under-tail coverts are black. The bill is thick and bluish-grey and the legs are dark-coloured. In another colour phase, the underparts are brown rather than pale.[7]

Distribution

The black-faced munia is native to Indonesia including the island group of Wallacea but is absent from the Lesser Sundas.[8] It is also present in East Timor.[1] It is a seed-eating bird and is found in small flocks in grassy areas. It has been introduced into South America and is now established on the plain of Los Llanos in northern Venezuela at altitudes below 300 metres (1,000 ft).[7]

Status

The black-faced munia has a wide range and is said to be abundant in some places and common in many others. The population in Indonesia has not been evaluated but the population trend seems to be steady. The bird is facing few identified threats and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2012). "Lonchura molucca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ↑ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Volume 3. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 241–242, Plate 13 fig 3. The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
  3. 1 2 Allen, J.A. (1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317–335.
  4. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Volume 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 302.
  5. ↑ Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E., eds. "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  6. ↑ Sykes, William Henry (1832). "Catalogue of birds of the raptorial and insessorial orders (systematically arranged,) observed in the Dukhun". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 2 (18): 77-99 [94].
  7. 1 2 Ridgely, Robert S.; Tudor, Guy (2009). Field Guide to the Songbirds of South America: The Passerines. University of Texas Press. p. 682. ISBN 978-0-292-71748-0.
  8. ↑ "Black-faced Munia: Lonchura molucca (Linnaeus, 1766)". Avibase. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
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