Black-eared cuckoo

Black-eared cuckoo
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves
Order:Cuculiformes
Family:Cuculidae
Genus:Chrysococcyx
Species: C. osculans
Binomial name
Chrysococcyx osculans
(Gould, 1847)

The black-eared cuckoo (Chrysococcyx osculans) is a species of cuckoo in the family Cuculidae. Found across Australia, it migrates to eastern Indonesia and southern New Guinea. They are usually observed by themselves or in a pair[2] as they don't raise their own young,[3] rather they leave eggs in another species nest to be raised by host.[4]

Description

Adult weight on average 30 grams[2] and are 19 to 20 cm long,[5] with dull greyish-brown back with distinctive black eye-stripe[6] from the bill to the neck.[7] Rump is pale white and breasts area is pale salmon in colour.[8] Feet and legs are black, eyes are brown, bill is black[6] tail is grey/brown on top, with white tips, while underneath the tail is cream with brownish bars.[6] What distinguishes it from other small sized cuckoo species in Australia is that it doesn't have a metallic coloured feathers on its back.[9]

Juveniles are duller in colour with a more brown eye-stripe.[5]

Range

Common in most areas of Australia except wet coastal forested areas,[10] basically inland side of great dividing range in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. Vagrants found in Tasmania.[10][11] Breeds in southern Australia below 23rd parallel south[10] some birds will stay in southern Australia during winter, while many will migrate to Northern Australia and further north into Indonesia and PNG,[11]

Habitat

Dry open forests,[5] scrublands, mallee, mulga, lignum, saltbush and riverside thickets.[10][11] They prefers to fly direct between low trees and shrubs, rather than large trees, and are rare in subhumid areas.[10]

Voice

Chicks will give a chirp,[12] while in adults a descending feeeuw[5] or pee-o-weer[8] call in a lower mournful[5] tone than the Horsfield's Bronze-Cuckoo,[12] which maybe a singular or repeated.[5] During courtship a call of pee-o-wit may be also heard.[12] Males are often are observed calling from high branches but can still be found on lower branches[3]

Diet

They feed on beetles, diptera, hemiptera, insects, sandflies[10] and have been observed eating hairy caterpillars.[6] Majority of food is obtained on the ground but they have been observed foraging in trees and shrubs.[3]

Breeding Behaviour

Season

Breeding season varies depending on rain and location in Australia, generally the drier inland starts earlier in the year. In the west breeding starts earlier in the year around June, while in the east it can be later in August, with season finishing in October in the west and December in the east.[12] During courtship, females and males will call to each other, with females starting loud and then quieting down as males approach, males will feed females during courtship.[12]

Eggs

As a brood parasitic species, they lay one[13] dark brown eggs in enclosed or domed shaped nests of passerine[14] bird species. In particular studies have shown it prefers to target speckled warbler and redthroat birds.[15] Eggs have also been found in nests of fieldwrens, thornbills, scrubwrens and heathwrens [16]

Often a female black-eared cuckoo will remove one host eggs when replacing it with its own.[3] These eggs are coloured and sized to mimic the hosts eggs,[17] often the eggs are so well mimicked, that they can only be identified apart by rubbing the egg to remove the brown pigmentation.[15] Therefore hatchings are raised by host species,[3] with speckled warblers having been observed feeding black-eared cuckoo chicks.[18] After at least 18 day, the chick will leave its hosts nest.[3]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Chrysococcyx osculans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 Dahlem, Michael. "Black-eared Cuckoo (Chalcites [Chrysococcyx] osculans)". mdahlem.net. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 http://www.climatewatch.org.au/species/birds/black-eared-cuckoo
  4. ↑ "Cuckoos encourage cooperative warblers". www.abc.net.au. 2013-12-20. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Simpson, K and Day, N. 1998. The Claremont Field guide to the Birds of Australia, Penguin
  6. 1 2 3 4 https://www.jcu.edu.au/discover-nature-at-jcu/animals/birds-by-scientific-name/chrysococcyx-osculans
  7. ↑ https://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/species/8158
  8. 1 2 Pizzey and Knight 2007. The Field guide to the Birds of Australia, eight edition. HarperCollins
  9. ↑ Payne, R. 2005. The Cuckoos. Oxford University Press
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Payne, R. 2005. The Cuckoos. Oxford University
  11. 1 2 3 Pizzey, G and Knight, F. 2007. The Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, eight edition. HarperCollins
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Payne, Robert B. (14 July 2005). The Cuckoos. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191513558 – via Google Books.
  13. ↑ http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:155cafce-e269-4589-82f0-3d777f3d7231
  14. ↑ http://www.carterdigital.com.au, Carter Digital -. "Black-eared Cuckoo | BirdLife Australia". www.birdlife.org.au. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
  15. 1 2 Cuckoos, Cowbirds and Other Cheats / N. B. Davies London : A&C Black 2010
  16. ↑ Pizzey, G. and Knight, F. 2007. The Field Guide to Birds of Australia, eight edition. HarperColllins
  17. ↑ Brooker, L. C.; Brooker, M. G. (1 June 1990). "Why Are Cuckoos Host Specific?". Oikos. 57 (3): 301–309. doi:10.2307/3565958. JSTOR 3565958.
  18. ↑ H.L. BELL, Department of Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NS W 2351, Australia. 3 September 1983
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