Black-chinned honeyeater

Black-chinned honeyeater
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Meliphagidae
Genus: Melithreptus
Species: M. gularis
Binomial name
Melithreptus gularis
(Gould, 1837)
Synonyms

Melithreptus laetior (Gould, 1875)

The black-chinned honeyeater (Melithreptus gularis) is a species of passerine bird in the family Meliphagidae. It is endemic to Australia. Two subspecies are recognised. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical dry forests.

Taxonomy

The black-chinned honeyeater was first described by John Gould in 1837 as Haematops gularis. He also described what he called the golden-backed honeyeater (as Melithreptus laetior) of northern Australia in 1875. Frederick George Waterhouse of the South Australian Museum had sent him four skins, writing of their beauty. Gould noted it was clearly closely related to M. gularis but differed in its plumage and smaller size.[2] Richard Schodde united them into a single species in 1975, though Hugh Ford queried this in 1986 as he felt the two forms were as distinct as the yellow-tinted and fuscous honeyeaters that had similar ranges.[3] Schodde countered that the black-chinned and golden-backed honeyeaters shared a much broader zone of hybridization, however.[4] Since then they have been maintained as two subspecies of M. gularis, though Christidis and Boles noted in 2008 that data was limited and more fieldwork and genetic investigation were needed.[5] Genetic data published in 2010 shows the two taxa diverged between 0.3 and 1.2 million years ago, separated by the Carpentarian Barrier, located south of the Gulf of Carpentaria.[6]

The black-chinned honeyeater is a member of the genus Melithreptus with several species, of similar size and (apart from the brown-headed honeyeater) black-headed appearance, in the honeyeater family Meliphagidae. Molecular markers show the black-chinned honeyeater is most closely related to the brown-headed, while the similarly plumaged strong-billed honeyeater was actually an earlier offshoot between 6.7 and 3.4 million years ago. These three species are classified in the subgenus Eidopsarus; they have short sturdy feet, congregate in smaller flocks and live in more forested habitat than the other subgenus, and probe for insects on branches and bark rather than in the foliage.[6]

Description

subspecies gularis

A mid-sized honeyeater ranging from 14 to 16 cm (5.6–6.4 in) in length, it is olive-brown above and buff below, with a black head, nape and throat, with a bluish patch of bare skin over the eye and a white crescent-shaped patch on the nape. The legs and feet are orange. Juveniles have an all-over browner plumage. It makes a scratchy creep-creep-creep call, as well as a more musical one.[7] Ford noted that individuals from southeastern Queensland northwards had more yellow-tinged upperparts and paler underparts, and that those of northeastern Queensland more matched the golden-backed subspecies though the bare skin around their eyes remained aqua-blue.[3]

The golden-backed subspecies differs by having a yellow nape and rump, green-yellow back, smaller black on chin, more grey-white than buff breast, white flanks and abdomen, lighter brown wings, green-edged retrices, and yellow-green bare skin around the eyes.[3]

Distribution and habitat

The range is across northern Australia, from northwest Western Australia from the Kimberley, Pilbara, Great Sandy and northern Gibson deserts, the Top End and the Gulf Country and Cape York of Queensland, through central and eastern Queensland and into central New South Wales. It occurs east of the Great Divide in the Northern Rivers region but is rare further south and appears to have declined in the Sydney region. It is found across central and northern Victoria and into eastern South Australia.[7] It is considered vulnerable in New South Wales[8] and South Australia,[9] although is secure overall. It lives in open woodland and dry sclerophyll forest, often near watercourses.[7]

The species is absent from savanna on the western edge of the Einasleigh Uplands, particularly around the Newcastle and Gregory Ranges.[3]

Feeding

Insects form the bulk of the diet, and like its close relatives the brown-headed and strong-billed honeyeaters, the black-chinned honeyeater forages by probing in bark of trunks and branches of trees.[6]

Breeding

Black-chinned honeyeaters may nest from July to December, breeding once or twice during this time. The nest is a thick-walled bowl of grasses and bits of bark lined with softer plant material hidden in the outer foliage of a tall tree, usually a eucalypt. One or (more commonly) two eggs are laid, 22 × 16 mm and shiny buff-pink sparsely spotted with red-brown (more on larger end).[10]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2013). "Melithreptus gularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ↑ Gould, John (1875). "Further contributions to the Ornithology of Australia". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 16: 285–87.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Ford, Hugh A. (1986). "Avian Hybridization and Allopatry in the Region of the Einasleigh Uplands and Burdekin-Lynd Divide, North-eastern Queensland". Emu. 86 (2): 87–110. doi:10.1071/MU9860087.
  4. ↑ Schodde, Richard; Mason, I.J. (1999). The Directory of Australian Birds : Passerines. A Taxonomic and Zoogeographic Atlas of the Biodiversity of Birds in Australia and its Territories. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. p. 276. ISBN 9780643102934.
  5. ↑ Christidis, Leslie; Boles, Walter (2008). The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-643065-11-6.
  6. 1 2 3 Toon A, Hughes JM, Joseph L (2010). "Multilocus analysis of honeyeaters (Aves: Meliphagidae) highlights spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the influence of biogeographic barriers in the Australian monsoonal zone". Molecular Ecology. 19 (14): 2980–94. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04730.x. PMID 20609078.
  7. 1 2 3 "Black-chinned Honeyeater". Birds in Backyards. Birds Australia. 24 May 2006. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
  8. ↑ "Black-chinned Honeyeater (eastern subspecies) - profile". Threatened species, populations & ecological communities in NSW. Department of Environment and Conservation, New South Wales Government. 1 September 2005. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
  9. ↑ "Black-chinned Honeyeater". birdlife.org.au. BirdLife Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  10. ↑ Beruldsen, Gordon (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. pp. 314–315. ISBN 0-646-42798-9.
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