Bernard Baruch

Bernard Baruch
Born Bernard Mannes Baruch
(1870-08-19)August 19, 1870
Camden, South Carolina
Died June 20, 1965(1965-06-20) (aged 94)
Manhattan, New York City
Nationality American
Alma mater City College of New York (B.A.)
Occupation Financier, Stock Investor, Statesman, Political Consultant
Spouse(s) Annie Griffin
Children Belle Baruch
Bernard Baruch Jr.
Renee Baruch
Parent(s) Belle Wolfe Baruch
Simon Baruch
Awards Bernard Baruch Handicap at Saratoga Race Course

Bernard Mannes Baruch (/bəˈruːx/; August 19, 1870 – June 20, 1965) was an American financier, stock investor, philanthropist, statesman, and political consultant. After his success in business, he devoted his time toward advising U.S. Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt on economic matters, and became a philanthropist.

Early life and education

Bernard Baruch was born to a Jewish family[1][2] on August 19, 1870 in Camden, South Carolina, to Belle (née Wolfe)[1] and Simon Baruch, a physician.[3] He was the second of four sons, including brothers Herman B. Baruch, Sailing Wolfe Baruch, and Hartwig Nathaniel Baruch.[4][5]

In 1881 the family moved from Camden to New York City, where Bernard and his brothers attended local schools. He studied at and graduated from the City College of New York. Baruch married Annie Griffin, an Episcopalian, of New York.[1] They had three children:[2] Belle Baruch; Bernard Baruch Jr.; and Renee Baruch.[1]

Career

Baruch became a broker and then a partner in A.A. Housman & Company. With his earnings and commissions, he bought a seat on the New York Stock Exchange for $19,000 ($552,960 in 2016 dollars). There he amassed a fortune before the age of 30 by profiting from speculation in the sugar market; at that time plantations were booming in Hawaii. By 1903 Baruch had his own brokerage firm and gained the reputation of "The Lone Wolf of Wall Street" because of his refusal to join any financial house. By 1910, he had become one of Wall Street's best-known financiers.

In 1925 he endowed the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) Mrs. Simon Baruch University Award in memory of his mother, to support scholars who have written unpublished monographs for full-length books on Confederate history. His mother had been an early member of the organization and supported their activities.

Presidential adviser: First World War

In 1916, Baruch left Wall Street to advise President Woodrow Wilson on national defense and terms of peace. He served on the Advisory Commission to the Council of National Defense and, in 1918, became the chairman of the new War Industries Board. With his leadership, this body successfully managed the US's economic mobilization during World War I. In 1919, Wilson asked Baruch to serve as a staff member at the Paris Peace Conference. Baruch did not approve of the reparations France and Britain demanded of Germany, and supported Wilson's view that there needed to be new forms of cooperation, as well as the creation of the League of Nations.[6]

For his services in support of the war effort, Baruch was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal with the following citation:

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Mr. Bernard M. Baruch, a United States Civilian, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I, in the organization and administration of the War Industries Board and in the coordination of allied purchases in the United States. By establishing a broad and comprehensive policy for the supervision and control of the raw materials, manufacturing facilities, and distribution of the products of industry, he stimulated the production of war supplies, coordinated the needs of the military service and the civilian population, and contributed alike to the completeness and speed of the mobilization and equipment of the military forces and the continuity of their supply. War Department, General Orders No. 15 (1921)

Interwar

In the 1920s and 30s, Baruch expressed his concern that the United States needed to be prepared for the possibility of another world war. He wanted a more powerful version of the War Industries Board, which he saw as the only way to ensure maximum coordination between civilian business and military needs.[7] Baruch remained a prominent government adviser during this time, and supported Franklin D. Roosevelt's domestic and foreign policy initiatives after his election.

He was also a major contributor to Eleanor Roosevelt's controversial initiative to build a resettlement community for unemployed mining families in Arthurdale, West Virginia.[8]

This relationship did not stop the Nye Committee from investigating Baruch's role in war profiteering.

In 1940, responding to pleas to help Harry Truman's shoestring bid for reelection to the U.S. Senate, Baruch provided crucial funding.[9]

Presidential adviser: Second World War

Winston Churchill and Baruch converse in the back seat of a car in front of Baruch's home.

When the United States entered World War II, President Roosevelt appointed Baruch a special adviser to the director of the Office of War Mobilization. He supported what was known as a "work or fight" bill. Baruch advocated the creation of a permanent superagency similar to his old Industries Board. His theory enhanced the role of civilian businessmen and industrialists in determining what was needed and who would produce it. Baruch's ideas were largely adopted, with James Byrnes appointed to carry them out. It is estimated that these policies cut two years off the time taken to produce tanks, bombers, etc. and caught Hitler totally by surprise.[10] During World War II Baruch remained a trusted adviser and confidant of President Roosevelt, who in 1944 spent a month as a guest at Baruch's South Carolina estate, Hobcaw Barony.

In February 1943, Roosevelt invited Baruch to replace the widely criticized War Production Board head Donald M. Nelson. Baruch had long coveted the job, and responded that he only needed to ask his doctor if he was healthy enough for the post. During the delay, however, presidential advisor Harry Hopkins persuaded Roosevelt that firing Nelson at the army's demands would make him look weak, and when Roosevelt and Baruch met at the White House, Roosevelt declined to discuss the job offer further.[11][12]

In 1944, Baruch commissioned a committee of physicians which developed recommendations for the formal establishment of the medical specialty of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and provided over a million dollars of funding to many medical schools to further this cause. Baruch's father, Simon Baruch, had been a surgeon and was the first teacher of physical medicine at Columbia.[13] In the same year, Baruch and Dr. Howard Rusk, an Air Force physician, advised president Roosevelt to expand rehabilitation programs for injured soldiers within all the armed forces. After the war, these programs were adopted by the Veterans' Administration.[14]

In 1946 President Harry S. Truman appointed Baruch as the United States representative to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC). On Friday, June 14, 1946, Baruch presented his Baruch Plan, a modified version of the Acheson–Lilienthal plan, to the UNAEC, which proposed international control of then-new atomic energy. The Soviet Union rejected Baruch's proposal as unfair given the fact that the U.S. already had nuclear weapons; it proposed that the U.S. eliminate its nuclear weapons before a system of controls and inspections was implemented. A stalemate ensued.

Baruch resigned from the commission in 1947. His influence began to diminish, as he grew further out of step with the views of the Truman administration.[15]

Park bench statesman

Baruch was well-known, and often walked or sat in Washington, D.C's Lafayette Park and in New York City's Central Park. It was not uncommon for him to discuss government affairs with other people while sitting on a park bench. This became his most famous characteristic.

In 1960, on his ninetieth birthday, a commemorative park bench in Lafayette Park across from the White House was dedicated to him[16][17] by the Boy Scouts.[18]

He continued to advise on international affairs until his death on June 20, 1965, in New York City, at the age of 94.[19] His funeral at Temple Shaaray Tefila, the family synagogue, was attended by 700 people.[20] His grave is at Flushing Cemetery, Flushing, Queens, New York City.

Thoroughbred racing

Bernard Baruch owned a string of Thoroughbred racehorses and raced under the name "Kershaw Stable". In 1927 his horse, Happy Argo, won the Carter Handicap.

Legacy and honors

  • Baruch College of City University of New York was named for him.
  • The Saratoga Race Course named the Bernard Baruch Handicap in his honor.
  • He was referenced in an episode of 'The Dick Van Dyke Show' (Season 2, Episode 28 "Divorce"), 'Leave It To Beaver', 'The Patti Duke Show', 'Make Room for Daddy' as well as 'The Burns and Allen Show'.
  • He was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1933 by Oglethorpe University.

Purchase of Hobcaw Barony

Negro quarters, with church, Hobcaw Barony also known as Bellefield Plantation in (Georgetown County, South Carolina)

Between 1905 and 1907, Bernard Baruch systematically purchased a total of approximately 16,000 acres (63 square kilometers) of the former 18th century Hobcaw Barony, consolidating 14 plantations located on a peninsula called Waccamaw Neck between the Winyah Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, in Georgetown County, South Carolina. Baruch subsequently developed sections of the property as a winter hunting resort. He later sold the property to his eldest child, Belle W. Baruch. Upon her death in 1964, the property was transferred to The Belle W. Baruch Foundation[21] as the Hobcaw Barony[22] educational and research preserve. The property also includes 37 historic buildings representing the 18th and 19th century rice cultivation industry, and early-to-mid 20th century winter resorts. The entire property was named to the National Register of Historic Places on November 2, 1994.[23]

The Trustees of The Belle W. Baruch Foundation subsequently selected the University of South Carolina and Clemson University as educational institutions with a mandate to preserve and study the Hobcaw Barony, including the wetlands forest and coastal ecosystems. The University of South Carolina established the Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine and Coastal Sciences, and Clemson University established the Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine and Coastal Sciences.[24] Both universities have also formed partnerships with other schools in South Carolina that carry out research and educational programs which contribute to knowledge of coastal ecosystems.

The Belle W. Baruch Foundation and the North Inlet-Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve jointly operate the Hobcaw Barony Discovery Center[25] and provide tours[26] and special programs.[27][28]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 City University of New York: The Baruch Family retrieved March 29, 2015 |Annie was Episcopalian and Bernard was Jewish. Annie's father never gave his consent and did not attend their wedding, however eventually he was forced to admit that he had been wrong. Bernard and Annie latter agreed that they would raise their two daughters Episcopalian and let their son decide for himself.
  2. 1 2 Jewish Virtual Library: "Bernard Baruch (1870 - 1965)" retrieved March 29, 2015
  3. ↑ "Bernard Baruch's Father Dies In N. Y." The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2012. Dr. Simon Baruch, noted physician and father of Bernard M. Baruch, financier died at 1:10 this afternoon from an of the lungs complicated by heart disease.
  4. ↑ "Hartwig Baruch, 84". The Times-News. March 2, 1953. Retrieved November 19, 2012. ... brother of elder statesman Bernard Baruch, who died at his home here yesterday. Baruch, was a retired member of the New York Stock Exchange. He was the oldest charter ...
  5. ↑ "Sailing Baruch Dies, Brother Of Bernard". The Miami News. June 15, 1962. Retrieved November 19, 2012. Mr. Baruch, died yesterday in Mercy Hospital of heart dis ease. He was the brother of Bernard Baruch, 92-year-old financier and advisor of presidents from ...
  6. ↑ Leab, Daniel et al., ed. "The Great Depression and the New Deal: A Thematic Encyclopedia." ABC-CLIO LLC., 2010, p. 11.
  7. ↑ Leab, Daniel et al., ed. The Great Depression and the New Deal: A Thematic Encyclopedia ABC-CLIO Inc., 2010, p. 11.
  8. ↑ Cook, Blanche Wiesen (1999). Eleanor Roosevelt, Vol. 2: 1933–1938. Viking. pp. 136–141. ISBN 0-670-80486-X. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  9. ↑ McCullough, David (1992). Truman. Simon & Schuster.
  10. ↑ Baruch, The Public Years, 321–28; Kerry E. Irish, "Apt Pupil: Dwight Eisenhower and the 1930 Industrial Mobilization Plan", The Journal of Military History 70.1 (2006) 31–61.
  11. ↑ Goodwin, Doris Kearns (1994). No Ordinary Time. Simon & Schuster. pp. 411–12. ISBN 9780684804484.
  12. ↑ Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, pp. 12-13, 247, Random House, New York, NY. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.
  13. ↑ Rusk, Howard (23 August 1964). "One of Baruch's Deeds". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  14. ↑ Rusk, Howard (1972). A World To Care For. New York: Random House. pp. 97–90. ISBN 0-394-48198-4.
  15. ↑ Leab, Daniel et al., ed. The Great Depression and the New Deal: A Thematic Encyclopedia ABC-CLIO LLC., 2010, p. 12.
  16. ↑ "Baruch Bench of Inspiration". Wikimapia.org. August 16, 1960. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  17. ↑ "President's Park (White House) – Explore the Northern Trail (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  18. ↑ "Secret Washington: Where to go to get away from the crowds". CSMonitor.com. May 22, 2010. Archived from the original on January 20, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  19. ↑ "Bernard Baruch Dies". The New York Times. June 21, 1965. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  20. ↑ Phillips, Mccandlish (June 24, 1965). "700 Attend Baruch Funeral at Family Synagogue – Family Joined by Dignitaries at 15-Minute Rites Here for Financier". The New York Times. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
  21. ↑ The Belle W. Baruch Foundation Archived 2013-10-12 at the Wayback Machine.
  22. ↑ Hobcaw Barony Archived 2013-10-12 at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ↑ http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/georgetown/S10817722036/S10817722036.pdf
  24. ↑ Belle W. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology & Forest Science
  25. ↑ Discovery Center Archived 2013-12-04 at the Wayback Machine.
  26. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
  27. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
  28. ↑ "The Belle W. Baruch Foundation". Hobcaw Barony. Retrieved December 5, 2012.

Primary sources

  • Bernard M. Baruch. Baruch: My Own Story (1957). ISBN 1-56849-095-X. Two volumes.
  • Bernard M. Baruch. The Making of the Reparation and Economic Sections of the Treaty 1920.
  • Bernard M. Baruch. American Industry in War: A Report of the War Industries Board (March 1921). ed. by Richard H. Hippelheuser; 1941.

Scholarly secondary sources

  • Coit, Margaret L. (2000). Mr. Baruch. Washington, D.C.: BeardBooks. ISBN 1-58798-021-5.
  • Cooper, Mary H.; Marshall, Patrick (2007). "Nuclear Proliferation and Terrorism". Global Issues: Selections from CQ Researcher. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. ISBN 0-87289-410-X.
  • Field, Carter (1944). Bernard Baruch, Park Bench Statesman. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Grant, James L. (1997). Bernard M. Baruch: The Adventures of a Wall Street Legend. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-17075-5.
  • Irish, Kerry E. (2006). "Apt Pupil: Dwight Eisenhower and the 1930 Industrial Mobilization Plan". The Journal of Military History. 70 (1): 31–61. doi:10.1353/jmh.2006.0051. Eisenhower worked closely with Baruch in 1930.
  • Schwartz, Jordan A. (1981). The Speculator: Bernard M. Baruch in Washington, 1917–1965. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1396-6.
  • White, William Lindsay (1971). Bernard Baruch: Portrait of a Citizen. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-8371-3348-3.
  • Leab, Daniel; Kenneth J. Bindas; Alan Harris Stein; Justin Corfield (2010). Steven L. Danver, ed. The Great Depression and the New Deal, Volume 1. Sanata Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-1-59884-154-1.
  • Cooper, Mary H.; Marshall, Patrick (2007). "Nuclear Proliferation and Terrorism". Global Issues: Selections from CQ Researcher. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. ISBN 0-87289-410-X.
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Eleftherios Venizelos		 Cover of Time magazine
25 February 1924		 Succeeded by
Reginald McKenna
Preceded by
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk		 Cover of Time magazine
12 March 1928		 Succeeded by
Robert Dollar
Preceded by
Benito Mussolini		 Cover of Time magazine
28 June 1943		 Succeeded by
Aleksandr Vasilevsky
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