Bellis perennis

Bellis perennis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Clade:Asterids
Order:Asterales
Family:Asteraceae
Genus:Bellis
Species: B. perennis
Binomial name
Bellis perennis
Synonyms[1]
  • Aster bellis E.H.L.Krause
  • Bellis alpina Hegetschw.
  • B. armena Boiss.
  • B. croatica Gand.
  • B. hortensis Mill.
  • B. hybrida Ten.
  • B. integrifolia DC. 1786 not Michx. 1803
  • B. margaritifolia Huter
  • B. minor Garsault (nom inval.)
  • B. perennis var. caulescens Rochebr.
  • B. p. f. discoidea D.C.McClint.
  • B. p. var. fagetorum Lacaita
  • B. p. var. hybrida (Ten.) Fiori
  • B. p. subsp. hybrida (Ten.) Nyman
  • B. p. var. margaritifolia (Huter) Fiori
  • B. p. var. microcephala Boiss.
  • B. p. f. plena Sacc.
  • B. p. f. pumila (Arv.-Touv. & Dupuy) Rouy
  • B. p. var. pusilla N.Terracc.
  • B. p. f. rhodoglossa Sacc.
  • B. p. var. strobliana Bég.
  • B. p. var. subcaulescens Martrin-Donos
  • B. p. var. tubulosa F.J.Schultz
  • B. p. f. tubulosa A.Kern.
  • B. pumila Arv.-Touv. & Dupuy
  • B. pusilla (N.Terracc.) Pignatti
  • B. scaposa Gilib. (nom inval.)
  • B. validula Gand.
  • Erigeron perennis (L.) Sessé & Moc.

Bellis perennis is a common European species of daisy, of the Asteraceae family, often considered the archetypal species of that name.

Many related plants also share the name "daisy", so to distinguish this species from other daisies it is sometimes qualified as common daisy, lawn daisy or English daisy. Historically, it has also been commonly known as bruisewort and occasionally woundwort (although the common name woundwort is now more closely associated with Stachys (woundworts)). Bellis perennis is native to western, central and northern Europe, but widely naturalised in most temperate regions including the Americas[2][3] and Australasia.

Description

Daisies, Bellis perennis

It is a herbaceous perennial plant with short creeping rhizomes and rosettes of small rounded or spoon-shaped leaves that are from 3/4 to 2 inches (approx. 2–5 cm) long and grow flat to the ground. The species habitually colonises lawns, and is difficult to eradicate by mowing – hence the term 'lawn daisy'. Wherever it appears it is often considered an invasive weed.[4]

The flowerheads are composite, in the form of a pseudanthium, consisting of many sessile flowers about 3/4 to 1-1/4 in (approx. 2–3 cm) in diameter, with white ray florets (often tipped red) and yellow disc florets. Each inflorescence is borne on single leafless stems 3/4 – 4 in (approx. 2–10 cm), rarely 6 in (approx. 15 cm) tall. The capitulum, or disc of florets, is surrounded by two rows of green bracts known as "phyllaries".[5]

Bellis perennis

Cultivation

Bellis perennis generally blooms from early to midsummer, although when grown under ideal conditions, it has a very long flowering season and will even produce a few flowers in the middle of mild winters.[6][7]

It can generally be grown in USDA Zones 4 – 8 (i.e. where minimum temperatures are above −30 °F (−34 °C)) in full sun to partial shade conditions, and requires low or no maintenance. It has no known serious insect or disease problems and can generally be grown in most well-drained soils. The plant may be propagated either by seed after the last frost, or by division after flowering.[6][8]

Though invasive, the species is still considered a valuable ground cover in certain garden settings (e.g., as part of English or cottage inspired gardens, as well as spring meadows where low growth and some color is desired in parallel with minimal care and maintenance while helping to crowd out noxious weeds once established and naturalised).

Numerous single- and double-flowered varieties are in cultivation, producing flat or spherical blooms in a range of sizes (1 cm to 6 cm) and colours (red, pink & white). They are generally grown from seed as biennial bedding plants. They can also be purchased as plugs in Spring. The cultivar 'Tasso series' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[9]

Etymology

Bellis may come from bellus, Latin for "pretty", and perennis is Latin for "everlasting".

The name "daisy" is considered a corruption of "day's eye",[10] because the whole head closes at night and opens in the morning. Chaucer called it "eye of the day". In Medieval times, Bellis perennis or the English Daisy was commonly known as "Mary's Rose".[11] It is also known as bone flower.[12]

The English Daisy is also considered to be a flower of children and innocence.[13]

Daisy is used as a girl's name and as a nickname for girls named Margaret, after the French name for the oxeye daisy, marguerite.

Uses

Culinary

This daisy may be used as a potherb. Young leaves can be eaten raw in salads[14] or cooked, noting that the leaves become increasingly astringent with age.[6] Flower buds and petals can be eaten raw in sandwiches, soups and salads.[7] It is also used as a tea and as a vitamin supplement.[2]

Herbal medicine

Bellis perennis has astringent properties and has been used in herbal medicine.[15] In ancient Rome, the surgeons who accompanied Roman legions into battle would order their slaves to pick sacks full of daisies in order to extract their juice; bellum, Latin for "war", may be the origin of this plant's scientific name. Bandages were soaked in this juice and would then be used to bind sword and spear cuts.

Bellis perennis is still used in homeopathy for wounds and after certain surgical procedures,[16] as well as for blunt trauma in animals.[17][18] Typically, the plant is harvested while in flower when intended for use in homeopathy.[7]

Bellis perennis flowers have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea (or the leaves as a salad) for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract.[19]

Other uses

Daisies have traditionally been used for making daisy chains in children's games.[20]

References

  1. ↑ The source The Plant List used was the International Compositae Alliance. "Bellis perennis L." The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
  2. 1 2 "Bellis perennis Linnaeus". Flora of North America.
  3. ↑ PLANTS Profile., "Bellis perennis L. lawndaisy", USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=bepe2
  4. ↑ "Weeds of Northeast – USDA PLANTS". usda.gov.
  5. ↑ Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 749. ISBN 9780521707725.
  6. 1 2 3 "Bellis perennis L." Missouri Botanical Garden Bellis perennis.
  7. 1 2 3 "Bellis perennis L". Plants for a Future database.
  8. ↑ "USDA Zones". USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map.
  9. ↑ "Bellis perennis Tasso Series". rhs.org.uk.
  10. ↑ "daisy facts, information, pictures – Encyclopedia.com articles about daisy". www.encyclopedia.com.
  11. ↑ The Plant-Lore and Garden-Craft of Shakespeare, by Henry Nicholson Ellacombe. W. Satchell and Company, London, 1884
  12. ↑ Nowick, Elaine (2014). Historical Common Names of Great Plains Plants, with Scientific Names Index: Volume II: Scientific Names Index. Lulu.com. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-60962-060-8.
  13. ↑ "Daisy." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2011. Encyclopedia.com
  14. ↑ Johanna Budwig, Krebs – ein Fettproblem, richtige Wahl und Verwendung der Fette. Hyperion-Verlag, Freiburg im Breisgau 1956, p. 44: recipe for cancer patients.
  15. ↑ Howard, Michael. Traditional Folk Remedies (Century, 1987), p129
  16. ↑ "Pre-Surgical and Post-Surgical Treatment: from an ongoing series by". healthy.net.
  17. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
  18. ↑ "Bellis perennis – Veterinary Materia Medica of Homeopathic Remedies". petremedycharts.com.
  19. ↑ Vogl S, Picker P, Mihaly-Bison J, Fakhrudin N, Atanasov AG, Heiss EH, Wawrosch C, Reznicek G, Dirsch VM, Saukel J, Kopp B (Oct 2013). "Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine--an unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 149 (3): 750–71. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMC 3791396. PMID 23770053.
  20. ↑ "Children's 'right to play'". BBC News. BBC. 2002-08-07. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
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