Böttcher's equation

Böttcher's equation is the functional equation

F(h(z))=(F(z))^{n}

where

$h$ is a given analytic function with a superattracting fixed point of order $n$ at $a$ , (that is, $h(z)=a+c(z-a)^{n}+O((z-a)^{{n+1}})~,$ in a neighbourhood of $a$ ), with n ≥ 2
$F$ is a sought function.

The logarithm of this functional equation amounts to Schröder's equation.

Name

The equation is named after Lucjan Böttcher.

Solution

Solution of functional equation is a function in implicit form.

Lucian Emil Böttcher sketched a proof in 1904 on the existence of solution: an analytic function F in a neighborhood of the fixed point a, such that:^[1]

F(a)=0

This solution is sometimes called:

the Böttcher coordinate
the Böttcher function^[2].
the Boettcher map

The complete proof was published by Joseph Ritt in 1920,^[3] who was unaware of the original formulation.^[4]

Böttcher's coordinate (the logarithm of the Schröder function) conjugates $h(z)$ in a neighbourhood of the fixed point to the function $z n$ . An especially important case is when $h(z)$ is a polynomial of degree $n$ , and $a$ = ∞ .^[5]

Examples

For the function h and n=2^[6]

h(x)={\frac {x^{2}}{1-2x^{2}}}

the Böttcher function F is:

F(x)={\frac {x}{1+x^{2}}}

Applications

Böttcher's equation plays a fundamental role in the part of holomorphic dynamics which studies iteration of polynomials of one complex variable.

Global properties of the Böttcher coordinate were studied by Fatou^[7] ^[8] and Douady and Hubbard .^[9]

References

↑ Böttcher, L. E. (1904). "The principal laws of convergence of iterates and their application to analysis (in Russian)". Izv. Kazan. Fiz.-Mat. Obshch. 14: 155&ndash, 234.
↑ J. F. Ritt. On the iteration of rational functions . Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 21 (1920) 348-356. MR 1501149.
↑ Ritt, Joseph (1920). "On the iteration of rational functions". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 21 (3): 348–356. doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1920-1501149-6.
↑ Stawiska, Małgorzata (November 15, 2013). "Lucjan Emil Böttcher (1872–1937) - The Polish Pioneer of Holomorphic Dynamics". arXiv:1307.7778 [math.HO].
↑ Cowen, C. C. (1982). "Analytic solutions of Böttcher's functional equation in the unit disk". Aequationes Mathematicae. 24: 187–194. doi:10.1007/BF02193043.
↑ Chaos by Arun V. Holden Princeton University Press, 14 lip 2014 - 334
↑ Alexander, Daniel S.; Iavernaro, Felice; Rosa, Alessandro (2012). Early Days in Complex Dynamics: A history of complex dynamics in one variable during 1906–1942. ISBN 978-0-8218-4464-9.
↑ Fatou, P. (1919). "Sur les équations fonctionnelles, I". Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France. 47: 161&ndash, 271. JFM 47.0921.02. ; Fatou, P. (1920). "Sur les équations fonctionnelles, II". Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France. 48: 33&ndash, 94. JFM 47.0921.02. ; Fatou, P. (1920). "Sur les équations fonctionnelles, III". Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France. 48: 208&ndash, 314. JFM 47.0921.02.
↑ Douady, A.; Hubbard, J. (1984). "Étude dynamique de polynômes complexes (première partie)". Publ. Math. Orsay. ; Douady, A.; Hubbard, J. (1985). "Étude dynamique des polynômes convexes (deuxième partie)". Publ. Math. Orsay.

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[1] Böttcher, L. E. (1904). "The principal laws of convergence of iterates and their application to analysis (in Russian)". Izv. Kazan. Fiz.-Mat. Obshch. 14: 155&ndash, 234.

[2] J. F. Ritt. On the iteration of rational functions . Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 21 (1920) 348-356. MR 1501149.

[3] Ritt, Joseph (1920). "On the iteration of rational functions". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 21 (3): 348–356. doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1920-1501149-6.

[stawiska13-4] Stawiska, Małgorzata (November 15, 2013). "Lucjan Emil Böttcher (1872–1937) - The Polish Pioneer of Holomorphic Dynamics". arXiv:1307.7778 [math.HO].

[5] Cowen, C. C. (1982). "Analytic solutions of Böttcher's functional equation in the unit disk". Aequationes Mathematicae. 24: 187–194. doi:10.1007/BF02193043.

[6] Chaos by Arun V. Holden Princeton University Press, 14 lip 2014 - 334

[7] Alexander, Daniel S.; Iavernaro, Felice; Rosa, Alessandro (2012). Early Days in Complex Dynamics: A history of complex dynamics in one variable during 1906–1942. ISBN 978-0-8218-4464-9.

[8] Fatou, P. (1919). "Sur les équations fonctionnelles, I". Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France. 47: 161&ndash, 271. JFM 47.0921.02. ; Fatou, P. (1920). "Sur les équations fonctionnelles, II". Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France. 48: 33&ndash, 94. JFM 47.0921.02. ; Fatou, P. (1920). "Sur les équations fonctionnelles, III". Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France. 48: 208&ndash, 314. JFM 47.0921.02.

[9] Douady, A.; Hubbard, J. (1984). "Étude dynamique de polynômes complexes (première partie)". Publ. Math. Orsay. ; Douady, A.; Hubbard, J. (1985). "Étude dynamique des polynômes convexes (deuxième partie)". Publ. Math. Orsay.