Asparagus asparagoides

Asparagus asparagoides
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Monocots
Order:Asparagales
Family:Asparagaceae
Subfamily:Asparagoideae
Genus:Asparagus
Species: A. asparagoides
Binomial name
Asparagus asparagoides
(L.) Druce 1914
Synonyms[1]

Asparagus asparagoides, commonly known as bridal creeper, bridal-veil creeper, gnarboola, smilax or smilax asparagus, is a herbaceous climbing plant of the family Asparagaceae native to eastern and southern Africa. Sometimes grown as an ornamental plant, it has become a serious environmental weed in Australia and New Zealand.

Taxonomy

Linnaeus first described this species as Medeola asparagoides in 1753. It has been reclassified in the genus Asparagus by W. Wight in 1909, or Myrsiphyllum by Carl Ludwig von Willdenow in 1808.[2]

Description

Asparagus asparagoides grows as a herbaceous vine with a scrambling or climbing habit which can reach 3 m (10 ft) in length.[3] It has shiny green leaf-like structures (phylloclades) which are flattened stems rather than true leaves. They measure up to 4 cm long by 2 cm wide.[2] The pendent white flowers appear over winter and spring, from July to September.[3] It is rhizomatous, and bears tubers which reach 6 cm (2.4 in) by 2 cm (1.8 in) in size.[2]

Distribution and habitat

It ranges throughout tropical Africa, south to Namibia,[2] and the fynbos in South Africa, as far south as Cape Town.[3]

It has become naturalised in parts of southern California.[4]

Uses

Asparagus asparagoides, often under the name smilax,[5][6] is commonly used in floral arrangements or home decorating.[7]

Invasive species

A bridal creeper infestation in Australia

A. asparagoides is a major weed species in southern Australia and in New Zealand. In Australia, it is listed as a Weed of National Significance.

It was introduced to Australia from South Africa around 1857, for use as a foliage plant, especially in bridal bouquets (hence the common name). It has escaped into the bush and smothers the native vegetation with the thick foliage and thick underground mat of tubers which restrict root growth of other species. It is recognised as one of the 20 "weeds of national significance". The seeds are readily spread in the droppings of birds, rabbits and foxes, as well as the plant extending its root system.[8] CSIRO have introduced several biological controls in an attempt to reduce the spread and impact of the weed.[9]

In New Zealand A. asparagoides is listed under the National Pest Plant Accord and is classified as an "unwanted organism".[10]

A. asparagoides has also escaped cultivation in California.[11][12]

References

  1. ↑ The Plant List, Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce
  2. 1 2 3 4 Eggli, Urs; Hartmann, Heidrun E. K.; Albers, Focke; Meve, Ulrich. Illustrated handbook of succulent plants. 6. Springer. p. 231. ISBN 3-540-41692-7.
  3. 1 2 3 Manning, John; Paterson-Jones, Colin (2007). Field guide to fynbos. Struik. p. 58. ISBN 1-77007-265-9.
  4. ↑ Clarke, Oscar F. (2007). Flora of the Santa Ana River and environs: with references to world botany. Heyday. p. 92. ISBN 1-59714-050-3.
  5. ↑ "smilax". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
  6. ↑ smilax at yourdictionary.com
  7. ↑ Edward Albert White (1923). Principles of flower arrangement. ISBN 978-1-4297-5688-4.
  8. ↑ "bridal creeper". weed of the month. CRC weed management. Archived from the original on 2005-12-15. Retrieved 2006-04-30.
  9. ↑ "Bridal creeper, Asparagus asparagoides". CSIRO Division of Entomology. Archived from the original on 9 May 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-30.
  10. ↑ "Smilax". Biosecurity New Zealand. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
  11. ↑ "2. Asparagus asparagoides (Linnaeus) Druce". Flora of North America.
  12. ↑ "Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce: African asparagus fern". PLANTS.

Further reading

  • Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
  • Weeds of Australia Asparagus asparagoides
  • United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile: Asparagus asparagoides
  • photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden
  • Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). "Asparagus asparagoides". African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.
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