Arthur C. Brooks

Who Really Cares

Brooks's first book was published in 2006 with Who Really Cares: The Surprising Truth about Compassionate Conservatism.^[9] Originating in his research on philanthropy and drawing on survey data, he articulates a charity gap between the 75% of Americans who donate to charitable causes and the rest who do not. Brooks argues that there are three cultural values that best predict charitable giving: religious participation, political views, and family structure. 91% of people who identify themselves as religious are likely to give to charity but only 66% of people who do not. The religious giving sector is just as likely to give to secular programs as it is to religious causes.

Brooks claims that those who think government should do more to redistribute income are less likely to give to charitable causes, and those who believe the government has less of a role to play in income redistribution tend to give more. Finally, he argues that people who couple and raise children are more likely to give philanthropically than those who do not. The more children there are in a family, the more likely that a family will donate to charity. One of Brooks's most controversial findings was that political conservatives give more, despite having incomes that are, on average, 6% lower than liberals.

Brooks adopts what he calls a "polemic"^[4] tone when offering recommendations, urging that philanthropic giving not be crowded out by government programs and that giving must be cultivated in families and communities. He admits being surprised by his conclusion: "These are not the sort of conclusions I ever thought I would reach when I started looking at charitable giving in graduate school, 10 years ago. I have to admit I probably would have hated what I have to say in this book."^[9]

Who Really Cares was widely reviewed and critiqued. Many commentators thought that Brooks played up the role of religion too much and argued that a charity gap is largely erased when religious giving is not considered. However, Brooks raises some arguments to this objection in the book, mainly by saying that giving to houses of worship should be counted as charity.

Jim Lindgren writes: "Although the liberal v. conservative split is the hook for the book, the data are not nearly as stark as the hype surrounding the book might indicate."^[10]

In February 2007, after the release of Who Really Cares, Brooks briefed President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush on his findings.^[11] Later that year, Brooks joined the American Enterprise Institute as a visiting scholar.

Gross National Happiness

In April 2008, Brooks published a survey and analysis of U.S. happiness research entitled Gross National Happiness: Why Happiness Matters for America—and How We Can Get More of It.^[12] Drawing his title from the Bhutanese measurement of national well-being, Brooks argues that despite the fact that the U.S. is one of the few countries in the world to enshrine happiness in its credo, happiness tends to get discounted in public policy in favor of other priorities. Brooks reviews survey data to understand the contours of how happy individual Americans are and how individual happiness translates into nationwide satisfaction.

Brooks's findings were controversial. Conservatives, he writes, are twice as likely to call themselves "very happy" than liberals. Those with extreme political beliefs, right or left, tend to be happier than moderates, but their provocations lower happiness for the rest of society. Devout people of all religions are much happier than secularists. Parents are happier than the childless even though their children often upset them. But child-rearing, Brooks writes, offers "meaning" to life, a sort of deep happiness that Aristotle called eudaimonia. Balancing freedom and order also brings optimal happiness, Brooks writes, because "too many moral choices leave us insecure and searching, unable to distinguish right from wrong, and thus miserable."

The second section of the book is dedicated to the economic dimensions of happiness. Opportunity breeds happiness, Brooks writes, and "efforts to diminish economic inequality—without creating economic opportunity—will actually lower America's gross national happiness, not raise it." Opportunity allows for good jobs, and "job satisfaction actually increases life happiness." Brooks argues that work makes people happy because they are creating value, a theme he explored in a textbook also released in 2008 on "social value creation."^[13]

To the extent that happiness can be "bought," it is with charity: giving of effort, time, and money makes people much happier, says Brooks, and it correlates with many other characteristics of the happy. Brooks, identifying himself as a libertarian, writes that the government does a poor job of making us happy but that "the government can help us pursue happiness."

Gross National Happiness was widely reviewed and featured in many news outlets, especially on talk radio. In addition to his media for Gross National Happiness, Brooks has blogged for the New York Times's Freakonomics blog and written dozens of op-eds for the Wall Street Journal and several other major papers. The Economist devoted an entire "Lexington" column to Brooks's findings in Gross National Happiness, referring to it as "a subtle and engaging distillation of oceans of data."^[14] Richard Land wrote that he "found Arthur Brooks' slaying of pop culture myths to be stimulating and informative."^[15]

Will Wilkinson criticizes Gross National Happiness for downplaying European statistics on happiness. Brooks argues that happiness is highly correlated with religiosity, but Wilkinson points out that some of the world's happiest places, such as some Scandinavian countries, have very low religious participation rates. "Brooks just doesn't bring it up," writes Wilkinson. "He seemed to me to encourage the idea that the relationship between religiosity and happiness is deep, perhaps universal. But it just isn't." He continues: "It would be a simple error to infer that 'gross national happiness' would be damaged were the culture to become less conservative or religious."^[16]

The Battle: How the Fight between Free Enterprise and Big Government Will Shape America's Future

In April 2010, Brooks published The Battle: How the Fight between Free Enterprise and Big Government Will Shape America's Future in which he lays out a moral vision for the resurgence of the ideals of individual liberty, equal opportunity, entrepreneurship and self-reliance that have formed the U.S. identity.

He asks the reason why, if the U.S. is a 70–30 nation favoring free enterprise, are the 30 percent who want to change that culture in charge? He submits that while the numbers appear to favor a traditional free enterprise culture, the 30 percent coalition has a tremendous amount of influence in key places such as academia and entertainment and has effectively influenced a large number of young Americans.

Brooks believes the financial crisis of 2008–2009 was an opportunity for the statists to attack the free enterprise system as too risky for the U.S. to allow to continue in its current form but ignore the role of government policy and focus instead on greed and stupidity in the private sector.

According to Brooks, the "battle" is a peaceful culture war and its outcome will determine whether the U.S. continues to exist as a traditional free enterprise system or transforms into a redistributionist European-style social democracy.^[17][18]

This book was named WORLD magazine's 2010 "Book of the Year" in June 2010.^[19]

The Road to Freedom: How to Win the Fight for Free Enterprise

Brooks released his first New York Times bestseller, The Road to Freedom: How to Win the Fight for Free Enterprise (Basic Books), on May 8, 2012. He attempts to explain the paradox discussed in his previous book, The Battle, which stated that even though most of the U.S. claims to support a free enterprise system based on limited government, the size and scope of federal and state governments has steadily increased over the past century. Brooks argues that advocates of limited government often rely on complex, data-driven arguments, but progressives wrap their arguments in moral language, appealing to Americans' hearts rather than their heads. In making that claim, Brooks relies heavily on the work of psychology professor Jonathan Haidt, which shows that humans process moral judgments more quickly than rational ones. The answer, then, according to Brooks, is for the right to defend free enterprise on its moral foundations.

Part One of the book lays out a moral case for the free enterprise system in three parts. Brooks argues that only free enterprise encourages true happiness based on earned success; he drew a great deal from his work on happiness from Gross National Happiness and The Battle. Next, Brooks claims that only free enterprise creates true fairness by rewarding merit. Then, Brooks states that only free enterprise lifts up the poor and vulnerable. For this last section, Brooks cites many statistics regarding world poverty reduction from increased trade and globalization, as well as statistics concerning limited government breeding charity.

The second half of The Road to Freedom outlines what Brooks describes as the "Statist Quo" of the U.S. and provides an alternate vision for the proper role of government. Drawing heavily from the work of Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek, Brooks claims the only legitimate state functions are the provision of a limited social safety net and the correction of market failures when the state can act effectively and efficiently. Combating what he believes to be unfair criticism of the right, Brooks says that "most believe that it is appropriate for the government to provide some safety net for its citizens. … In my view, it is unacceptable for someone in America's wealthy society to go without access to basic medical care, sufficient food, and basic shelter." He continues, "But the safety net is not a means to increase material equality, a way to take any but the most grievous risks out of life, a way to pass out rewards to groups based on demographics or political clout, or a source of benefits to the middle class."^[20]

The Road to Freedom was widely reviewed by supporters and critics. Representative Paul Ryan (R, Wisc.) provided a statement for the book cover: "Arthur Brooks knows, as America's Founders knew, that free enterprise underpins the moral case for human freedom. Economic freedom produces unimaginable material prosperity, but it's also the only economic form that encourages individuals to freely pursue their destinies, develop the character of self-responsibility, and strengthen communities. Brooks eloquently confronts the growing threat to economic freedom and human fulfillment and describes the fundamental choices Americans must make to get back on the right road."

However, several critics felt that Brooks's arguments oversimplified the moral arguments for the free enterprise system by avoiding tough questions or using hyperbolic comparisons. For example, in The Atlantic, Clive Crook took issue with Brooks's answer to whether or not the U.S. is an opportunity society, saying, "The question is not whether America is an opportunity society, but to what degree. ... Brooks argues that America is a land of opportunity because children of poor parents move up and children of rich parents move down. That's true, but the evidence is pretty clear that the U.S. does not perform very well on this measure of mobility compared with other countries.^[21] Brooks might disagree with those findings but it's a serious weakness of the book that he doesn't even address them."^[22]

In another example, Noah Kristula-Green wrote for The Daily Beast that "this is a book about U.S. domestic policy, not the benefits of adopting capitalism as opposed to communism. Arguments like this feel strangely anachronistic, especially since Brooks writes as if genuine communism was an option some were agitating for this in country. ... These sorts of global comparisons mean that Brooks can avoid confronting the inequality that actually exists in America. Why would you want to avoid discussing that topic? You avoid discussing inequality if you don't have to answer some very uncomfortable questions."^[23]

The Conservative Heart: How to Build a Fairer, Happier, and More Prosperous America

Brooks with Jim DeMint, Senator from South Carolina

In July 2015, Brooks published a new book, The Conservative Heart, which lays out his vision for a new conservative movement focused on reducing poverty and expanding opportunity, particularly for vulnerable people. Greg Mankiw, a prominent economist who reviewed the book for The New York Times, summarized Brooks's main thesis: "He wants conservatives to speak more in moral terms, to be seen fighting for people rather than against policies, to spend more time engaging with moderates and liberals, and to embrace the persona of a happy warrior."^[24]

The wide-ranging book includes Brooks's policy analysis of shortcomings in the "War on Poverty," his research on the sources of human happiness and the components of a fulfilling life, interviews with social entrepreneurs and the formerly-homeless people who were helped to rebuild their lives, and communications tips for conservative leaders to more effectively defend their positions.

In statements published on the book's cover, conservative columnist George Will describes The Conservative Heart as "a thinking person's primer for a conservative politics of human flourishing," and Senator Mike Lee wrote that it "should be required reading for every American who wants to transcend our broken status quo."

The book appeared on the New York Times bestseller list immediately after publication.^[25] A month after it was published, a writer for the New York Observer described Brooks as "the most cited contemporary author by the 2016 GOP field."^[26]

Poverty Studies

In 2014, Robert Doar was appointed the inaugural fellow in AEI's Poverty Studies Program.^[32] In a conversation with President Barack Obama in 2015 at the Catholic-Evangelical Leadership Summit on Overcoming Poverty at Georgetown University, Brooks said he is in the free enterprise movement because poverty is "the thing I care about most."^[33] He has been credited with shifting Republican politicians' focus towards poverty in recent years.^[34]

Collaboration with Dalai Lama

In the fall of 2013, Brooks traveled to Dharamsala, India to meet with the exiled leader at his temple.^[35] At this meeting, Brooks invited the Dalai Lama to visit AEI in February 2014 for a conference on happiness, free enterprise, and human flourishing.^[36][37] In 2016, Brooks and the Dalai Lama contributed to a joint op-ed in the New York Times entitled Dalai Lama: Behind Our Anxiety, the Fear of Being Unneeded.^[38]