ArchiMate

Insurance claim process depicted in ArchiMate. Archimate enables modelling in different layers.

ArchiMate (/ˈɑːrkɪmeɪt/ AR-ki-mayt; originally from Architecture-Animate) is an open and independent enterprise architecture modeling language to support the description, analysis and visualization of architecture within and across business domains[1] in an unambiguous way.

ArchiMate is a technical standard from The Open Group and is based on the concepts of the IEEE 1471 standard. It is supported by various tool vendors and consulting firms. ArchiMate is also a registered trademark of The Open Group. The Open Group has a certification program for ArchiMate users, software tools and courses.[2]

ArchiMate distinguishes itself from other languages such as Unified Modeling Language (UML) and Business Process Modeling and Notation (BPMN) by its enterprise modelling scope.[3]

Overview

ArchiMate offers a common language for describing the construction and operation of business processes, organizational structures, information flows, IT systems, and technical infrastructure. This is just like an architectural drawing in classical building where the architecture describes the various aspects of the construction and use of a building. This insight helps the different stakeholders to design, assess, and communicate the consequences of decisions and changes within and between these business domains.

The main concepts and relationships of the ArchiMate language can be seen as a framework, the so-called Archimate Framework:[4] It divides the enterprise architecture into a business, application and technology layer. In each layer, three aspects are considered: active elements that exhibit behavior (e.g. Process and Function), an internal structure and elements that define use or communicate information.

One of the objectives of the ArchiMate language is to define the relationships between concepts in different architecture domains. The concepts of this language therefore hold the middle between the detailed concepts, which are used for modeling individual domains (for example, the UML for modeling software products),[5] and BPMN, which is used for business process modeling.

History

ArchiMate is partly based on the IEEE 1471 standard. It was developed in the Netherlands by a project team from the Telematica Instituut in cooperation with several Dutch partners from government, industry and academia. Among the partners were Ordina, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, the Leiden Institute for Advanced Computer Science (LIACS) and the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI). Later, tests were performed in organizations such as ABN AMRO, the Dutch Tax and Customs Administration and the ABP.[6]

The development process lasted from July 2002 to December 2004, and took about 35 man years and approximately 4 million euros. The development was funded by the Dutch government (Dutch Tax and Customs Administration), and business partners, including ABN AMRO and the ABP Pension Fund.[7]

In 2008 the ownership and stewardship of ArchiMate was transferred to the Open Group. It is now managed by the ArchiMate Forum[8] within The Open Group. In February 2009 The Open Group published the ArchiMate® 1.0 standard[9] as a formal technical standard. In January 2012 the ArchiMate® 2.0 standard, and in 2013 the ArchiMate® 2.1 standard[10] was released.

In June 2016, the Open Group released[11] version 3.0 of the ArchiMate Specification.[12] Version 3.0 adds[13] enhanced support for capability-oriented strategic modelling, new entities representing physical resources (for modelling the ingredients, equipment and transport resources used in the physical world) and a general metamodel showing the entity types and the relationships between them.

ArchiMate topics

ArchiMate is an integrated architectural approach that describes and visualises the different business domains and their relations. Using these integrated architectures aids stakeholders in assessing the impact of design choices and changes.

Architecture

Organisations need to adapt increasingly quickly and anticipate changing customer requirements and business goals. This need influences the entire chain of activities of a business, from the organisational structure to the network infrastructure. How can you control the impact of these changes? Architecture may be the answer.

Architecture is a consistent whole of principles, methods and models that are used in the design and realisation of organisational structure, business processes, information systems, and infrastructure. However, these domains are not approached in an integrated way, which makes it difficult to judge the effects of proposed changes. Every domain speaks its own language, draws its own models, and uses its own techniques and tools. Communication and decision making across domains is seriously impaired.

ArchiMate provides this integration. ArchiMate is an architecture language and visualisation techniques that picture these domains and their relations. ArchiMate provides the architect with instruments that support and improve the architecture process.

Layers

View model of ArchiMate Architectural Framework.

ArchiMate has a layered and service-oriented look on architectural models. The higher layers make use of services that are provided by the lower layers. Although, at an abstract level, the concepts that are used within each layer are similar, we define more concrete concepts that are specific for a certain layer. In this context, we distinguish three main layers:[1][7]

  • The Business layer is about business processes, services, functions and events of business units. This layer "offers products and services to external customers, which are realized in the organization by business processes performed by business actors and roles".
  • The Application layer is about software applications that "support the components in the business with application services".
  • The Technology layer deals "with the hardware and communication infrastructure to support the Application Layer. This layer offers infrastructural services needed to run applications, realized by computer and communication hardware and system software".

Each of these main layers can be further divided in sub-layers. For example, in the Business layer, the primary business processes realising the products of a company may make use of a layer of secondary (supporting) business processes; in the Application layer, the end-user applications may make use of generic services offered by supporting applications. On top of the Business layer, a separate Environment layer may be added, modelling the external customers that make use of the services of the organisation (although these may also be considered part of the Business layer).

In line with service orientation, the most important relation between layers is formed by use relations, which show how the higher layers make use of the services of lower layers. However, a second type of link is formed by realisation relations: elements in lower layers may realise comparable elements in higher layers; e.g., a ‘data object’ (Application layer) may realise a ‘business object’ (Business layer); or an ‘artifact’ (Technology layer) may realise either a ‘data object’ or an ‘application component’ (Application layer).

General structure of models within the different layers

Core concepts of the ArchiMate language (Lankhorst, 2013).

The general structure of models within the different layers is similar. The same types of concepts and relations are used, although their exact nature and granularity differ.

First, we distinguish the structural or static aspect and the behavioural or dynamic aspect. Behavioural concepts are assigned to structural concepts, to show who or what displays the behaviour. In the example, role, interface and collaboration are assigned to business process, organisational service and business interaction, respectively.

Second, we make a distinction between an external view and an internal view on systems. When looking at the behavioural aspect, these views reflect the principles of service orientation as introduced in the previous section. The service concept represents a unit of essential functionality that a system exposes to its environment. For the external users, only this external functionality, together with non-functional aspects such as the quality of service, costs etc., are relevant. If required, these can be specified in a contract or service level agreement. Services are accessible through interfaces, which constitute the external view on the structural aspect.

Although for the external users only the external view is relevant, the design of organisations or systems and their internal operations and management also requires knowledge about the internal realisation of the services and interfaces. For this realisation, we make a distinction between behaviour that is performed by an individual structural element (e.g., actor, role component, etc.), or collective behaviour (interaction) that is performed by a collaboration of multiple structural elements.

In addition to active structural elements (the business actors, application components and devices that display actual behaviour, i.e., the ‘subjects’ of activity), we also recognise passive structural elements, i.e., the objects on which behaviour is performed. In the domain of information-intensive organisations, which is the main focus of our language, these are usually information objects in the business layer and data objects in the application layer, but they may also be used to represent physical objects.

Exchange file format

A standard model exchange file format has been developed for ArchiMate 2.1 and 3.0 models.[14] This is an XML/XSD based file format, and is intended for exchange rather than a persistent file format.

References

  1. 1 2 What is ArchiMate? at archimate.org from archive.org. Accessed April 19, 2014
  2. ↑ ArchiMate Certification at opengroup.org. Accessed January 11, 2014.
  3. ↑ Pallab Saha (2008) Advances in Government Enterprise Architecture. p.39.
  4. ↑ The ArchiMate Framework, in: ArchiMate® 2.1. Accessed 06.2015.
  5. ↑ Zoran Stojanović et al. (2007). Service-oriented Software System Engineering. p.145-146.
  6. ↑ Telematica Instituut (2006) Annual Report 2005. p.7. Accessed 18 jan 2009.
  7. 1 2 ArchiMate : Its Time Has Come? Enterprise Architecture Demystified. Posted by snair007 on August 3, 2008
  8. ↑ "The Open Group ArchiMate® Forum Landing Page - The Open Group". www.opengroup.org.
  9. ↑ "ArchiMate® 1.0 Specification". www.opengroup.org.
  10. ↑ The Open Group (2012), ArchiMate 2.1 Specification
  11. ↑ "The ArchiMate® Enterprise Architecture Modeling Language - The Open Group". www.opengroup.org.
  12. ↑ ArchiMate v3.0 Specification Accessed 27 June 2016.
  13. ↑ "What is New in ArchiMate® 3.0.1? - The Open Group". www.opengroup.org.
  14. ↑ "ArchiMate® Model Exchange File Format for the ArchiMate 3.0 Modeling Language". www.opengroup.org.

Further reading

  • Marc Lankhorst (ed.) and the ArchiMate team (2004) ArchiMate Language Primer. Enschede: Novay.
  • Marc Lankhorst et al. (2005). Enterprise Architecture at Work - Modelling, Communication and Analysis. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  • Marc Lankhorst and Hans van Drunen (2007). Enterprise Architecture: Development and Modelling – Combining TOGAF and ArchiMate
  • The Open Group (2009), ArchiMate 1.0 Specification. ISBN 978-90-8753-502-5.
  • The Open Group (2009), ArchiMate 1.0 Specification - online.
  • Marc Lankhorst et al. (2009). Enterprise Architecture at Work - Modelling, Communication and Analysis 2nd edition. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  • The Open Group (2012), ArchiMate 2.1 Specification - online.
  • Marc Lankhorst et al. (2012). Enterprise Architecture at Work - Modelling, Communication and Analysis 3rd edition. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  • The Open Group (2017), ArchiMate 3.0.1 Specification - online.
  • Andrew Josey, Marc Lankhorst, Iver Band, Henk Jonkers, and Dick Quartel (2017). An Introduction to the ArchiMate® 3.0.1 Specification, White Paper from The Open Group.
  • The Open Group et al (2016). ArchiMate 3 Youtube Playlist Youtube Playlist by The Open Group
  • Marc Lankhorst et al. (2017). Enterprise Architecture at Work - Modelling, Communication and Analysis 4th edition. Hardcover and Kindle. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

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