Apolipoprotein D

APOD
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesAPOD, Apod, apolipoprotein D
External IDsOMIM: 107740 MGI: 88056 HomoloGene: 1246 GeneCards: APOD
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 3 (human)[1]
Band3q29Start195,568,702 bp[1]
End195,584,205 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

347

11815

Ensembl

ENSG00000189058

ENSMUSG00000022548

UniProt

P05090

P51910

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001647

NM_001301353
NM_001301354
NM_007470

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001638

NP_001288282
NP_001288283
NP_031496

Location (UCSC)Chr 3: 195.57 – 195.58 MbChr 16: 31.3 – 31.31 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Apolipoprotein D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOD gene.[5][6][7] Unlike other lipoproteins, which are mainly produced in the liver, apolipoprotein D is mainly produced in the brain and testes.[8]

Function

Apolipoprotein D (Apo-D) is a component of high-density lipoprotein that has no marked similarity to other apolipoprotein sequences. It has a high degree of homology to plasma retinol-binding protein and other members of the alpha 2 microglobulin protein superfamily of carrier proteins, also known as lipocalins. It is a glycoprotein of estimated molecular weight 33 KDa. Apo-D is closely associated with the enzyme lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase - an enzyme involved in lipoprotein metabolism.[7] ApoD has also been shown to be an important link in the transient interaction between HDL and LDL particles and between HDL particles and cells.[9]

Clinical significance

APOD is a biomarker of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). APOD is an androgen up-regulated gene in normal scrotal fibroblast cells in comparison to CAIS labia majora cells.[10]

APOD is associated with neurological disorders and nerve injury, especially related to myelin sheath. APOD was shown to be elevated in a rat model of stroke.[8] APOD is elevated in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease.[8]

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000189058 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022548 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:".
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
  5. ↑ Drayna DT, McLean JW, Wion KL, Trent JM, Drabkin HA, Lawn RM (Aug 1987). "Human apolipoprotein D gene: gene sequence, chromosome localization, and homology to the alpha 2u-globulin superfamily". DNA. 6 (3): 199–204. doi:10.1089/dna.1987.6.199. PMID 2439269.
  6. ↑ Drayna D, Fielding C, McLean J, Baer B, Castro G, Chen E, Comstock L, Henzel W, Kohr W, Rhee L, et al. (Jan 1987). "Cloning and expression of human apolipoprotein D cDNA". J Biol Chem. 261 (35): 16535–9. PMID 3453108.
  7. 1 2 "Entrez Gene: APOD apolipoprotein D".
  8. 1 2 3 Muffat J, Walker DW (2010). "Apolipoprotein D: an overview of its role in aging and age-related diseases". Cell Cycle. 9 (2): 269–273. doi:10.4161/cc.9.2.10433. PMC 3691099. PMID 20023409.
  9. ↑ Braesch-Andersen S; et al. (December 2014). "ApoD Mediates Binding of HDL to LDL and to Growing T24 Carcinoma". PLOS ONE. 9 (12): e115180. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115180. PMC 4267786. PMID 25513803.
  10. ↑ Appari M, Werner R, Wünsch L, Cario G, Demeter J, Hiort O, Riepe F, Brooks JD, Holterhus PM (June 2009). "Apolipoprotein D (APOD) is a putative biomarker of androgen receptor function in androgen insensitivity syndrome". J. Mol. Med. 87 (6): 623–32. doi:10.1007/s00109-009-0462-3. PMID 19330472.

Further reading

  • Rassart E, Bedirian A, Do Carmo S, et al. (2000). "Apolipoprotein D". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1482 (1–2): 185–98. doi:10.1016/S0167-4838(00)00162-X. PMID 11058760.
  • Peitsch MC, Boguski MS (1991). "Is apolipoprotein D a mammalian bilin-binding protein?". New Biol. 2 (2): 197–206. PMID 2083249.
  • Balbín M, Freije JM, Fueyo A, et al. (1990). "Apolipoprotein D is the major protein component in cyst fluid from women with human breast gross cystic disease". Biochem. J. 271 (3): 803–7. PMC 1149635. PMID 2244881.
  • Drayna D, Scott JD, Lawn R (1988). "Multiple RFLPs at the human apolipoprotein D (APOD) locus". Nucleic Acids Res. 15 (22): 9617. doi:10.1093/nar/15.22.9617. PMC 306509. PMID 2891117.
  • Fielding PE, Fielding CJ (1980). "A cholesteryl ester transfer complex in human plasma". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77 (6): 3327–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.77.6.3327. PMC 349608. PMID 6774335.
  • Schindler PA, Settineri CA, Collet X, et al. (1995). "Site-specific detection and structural characterization of the glycosylation of human plasma proteins lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and apolipoprotein D using HPLC/electrospray mass spectrometry and sequential glycosidase digestion". Protein Sci. 4 (4): 791–803. doi:10.1002/pro.5560040419. PMC 2143102. PMID 7613477.
  • Yang CY, Gu ZW, Blanco-Vaca F, et al. (1994). "Structure of human apolipoprotein D: locations of the intermolecular and intramolecular disulfide links". Biochemistry. 33 (41): 12451–5. doi:10.1021/bi00207a011. PMID 7918467.
  • Holzfeind P, Merschak P, Dieplinger H, Redl B (1996). "The human lacrimal gland synthesizes apolipoprotein D mRNA in addition to tear prealbumin mRNA, both species encoding members of the lipocalin superfamily". Exp. Eye Res. 61 (4): 495–500. doi:10.1016/S0014-4835(05)80145-9. PMID 8549691.
  • Zeng C, Spielman AI, Vowels BR, et al. (1996). "A human axillary odorant is carried by apolipoprotein D". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (13): 6626–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.13.6626. PMC 39076. PMID 8692868.
  • Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, et al. (1999). "Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes". Nat. Genet. 22 (3): 231–8. doi:10.1038/10290. PMID 10391209.
  • Liu Z, Chang GQ, Leibowitz SF (2001). "Apolipoprotein D interacts with the long-form leptin receptor: a hypothalamic function in the control of energy homeostasis". FASEB J. 15 (7): 1329–31. doi:10.1096/fj.00-0530fje. PMID 11344130.
  • Sánchez D, Ganfornina MD, Martínez S (2002). "Expression pattern of the lipocalin apolipoprotein D during mouse embryogenesis". Mech. Dev. 110 (1–2): 225–9. doi:10.1016/S0925-4773(01)00578-0. PMID 11744388.
  • Mahadik SP, Khan MM, Evans DR, Parikh VV (2002). "Elevated plasma level of apolipoprotein D in schizophrenia and its treatment and outcome". Schizophrenia Research. 58 (1): 55–62. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00378-4. PMID 12363390.
  • Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
  • Desai PP, Hendrie HC, Evans RM, et al. (2003). "Genetic variation in apolipoprotein D affects the risk of Alzheimer disease in African-Americans". Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 116 (1): 98–101. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.10798. PMID 12497622.
  • Kang MK, Kameta A, Shin KH, et al. (2003). "Senescence-associated genes in normal human oral keratinocytes". Exp. Cell Res. 287 (2): 272–81. doi:10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00061-2. PMID 12837283.
  • Thomas EA, Laws SM, Sutcliffe JG, et al. (2003). "Apolipoprotein D levels are elevated in prefrontal cortex of subjects with Alzheimer's disease: no relation to apolipoprotein E expression or genotype". Biol. Psychiatry. 54 (2): 136–41. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01976-5. PMID 12873803.


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