Annam (province)

For the French protectorate, see Annam (French protectorate). For other uses, see Annam (disambiguation).
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Map of the six major protectorates during Tang dynasty. The Protectorate General to Pacify the South is marked as Annan (安南都护府).

Annam (Chinese: 安南; pinyin: Ānnán; Vietnamese: An Nam) was the southernmost province of China after the Tang dynasty. Annam is the Vietnamese form of the Chinese name Annan, which means "the Pacified the South" or "to pacify the South", a clipped form of the full name, the "Protectorate General to Pacify the South" Chinese: 安南都護府; pinyin: Ānnán Dūhùfǔ; Vietnamese: An Nam đô hộ phủ. This was one of a number of such protectorates formed by Tang China. Prior to the establishment of the protectorate, the area was known as Jiaozhou (Chinese: 交州; pinyin: Jiāozhōu) or Jiaozhi (Chinese: 交趾; pinyin: Jiāozhǐ; Vietnamese: Giao Chỉ). The same area is now sometimes known as Tonkin (Chinese: 東京; pinyin: Dōngjīng; Vietnamese: Đông Kinh), the "eastern capital" of the Lê dynasty, now modern Hanoi. Locally, the area is known as Bắc Kỳ (北區), the "northern area".

History

Predecessors

The territory was conquered for the Qin dynasty by Zhao Tuo after the death of Qin Shi Huang. In the chaos surrounding the Chu–Han Contention, he declared its independence as Nanyue and ruled from Panyu (modern Guangzhou). Jiaozhou was the Han dynasty country subdivision formed from the annexation of this tributary kingdom in 111 BCE and it initially comprised the areas of modern Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam.

During the Three Kingdoms era, Eastern Wu split from Liangguang as Guangzhou in 222 CE.

Tang Protectorate

China under the Tang dynasty c. 660 (bright yellow).

In 624 the Tang dynasty created the Jiaozhou Protectorate. In 627 the Jiaozhou Protectorate was put under the administration of Lingnan Circuit. In 679, the Annan Protectorate replaced the Jiaozhou Protectorate and was seated in Songping County (宋平縣) in present day Hanoi. The Annan Protectorate was renamed Zhennan Protectorate in 757. It was changed back to Annan Protectorate in 760. The Annan Protectorate came under attack from Nanzhao in 846 and the conflict lasted until 866, after which the Jinghai Army Jiedushi was created.

In 939, Ngô Quyền successfully expelled the Chinese at the Battle of Bạch Đằng where he beheaded the Commanding Admiral and Prince of the Southern Han dynasty, Liu Hongcao (劉弘操) and re-established the independent state of Đại Việt. This was the effective end of Annam as a Chinese province. Several attempts were made by various Chinese governments to retake Vietnam, with one succeeding (Ming rule of Vietnam) but only for 20 years (1407–1427).

The territory of Tang-era Annan is now part of present-day Vietnam.[1]

Jiedushi (Jinghai)

  • Wu Chongfu 777-782
  • Li Mengqiu 782
  • Zhang Ying 788
  • Pang Fu 789
  • Gao Zhengping 790-791
  • Zhao Chang 791-802
  • Pei 802-803
  • Zhao Chang 804-806
  • Ma Zong 806-810
  • Zhang Mian 813
  • Pei Xingli 813-817
  • Li Xianggu 817-819
  • Yang Qing 819-820
  • Gui Zhongwu 819-820
  • Pei Xingli 820
  • Gui Zhongwu 820-822
  • Wang Chengbian 822
  • Li Yuanxi 822-826
  • Han Yue 827-828
  • Zheng Chuo 831
  • Liu Min 833
  • Han Wei 834
  • Tian Zao 835
  • Ma Zhi 836-840
  • Wu Hun 843
  • Pei Yuanyu 846-847
  • Tian Zaiyou 849-850
  • Cui Geng 852
  • Li Zhuo 853-855
  • Song Ya 857
  • Li Hongfu 857-858
  • Wang Shi 858-860
  • Li Hu 860-861
  • Wang Kuan 861-862
  • Cai Xi 862-863
  • Song Rong 863
  • Zhang Yin 864
  • Gao Pian 864-866
  • Wang Yanquan 866
  • Gao Xun 868-873
  • Ceng Gun 880
  • Gao Maoqing 882
  • Gao Zhao 884
  • An Youquan 897-900
  • Sun Dezhao 901
  • Zhu Quanyu 905
  • Dugu Sun 905
  • Khúc Thừa Dụ 905-907

French Protectorate

In the 1860s, the French government under Napoleon III conquered first southern and then central Vietnam. The central portion of the country they ruled as the protectorate of Annam.

See also

References

  1. ↑ John King Fairbank (1978). The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge University Press. p. 693. ISBN 0-521-21446-7.

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