Alyosha Popovich

Strong bogatyr Alyosha Popovich.
—From a lubok (popular print).
Bogatyrs (1898) by Viktor Vasnetsov: Alyosha Popovich is on the right.

Alyosha Popovich (Russian: Алё́ша Попо́вич, literally Alexey, son of the priest), is a folk hero of Kievan Rus, a bogatyr (i.e., a medieval knight-errant). He is the youngest of the three main bogatyrs, the other two being Dobrynya Nikitich and Ilya Muromets. All three are represented together at Viktor Vasnetsov's famous painting Bogatyrs.

In Byliny (ballads) he is described as a clever-minded priest's son who wins by tricking and outsmarting his foes. He defeated the dragon Tugarin Zmeyevich by trickery.

Character

Alyosha Popovich is "noted for his slyness, agility, and craftiness, may be fun-loving, sometimes being depicted as a ‘mocker of women’, and may occasionally be a liar and a cheat", as described by James Bailey.[1]

His tongue-lashings are attested by his mockery of Tugarin's gluttony[2][3] and insult to the unfaithful Princess.[4] His clever ruse was his disguise as a deaf pilgrim to make Tugarin approach him without caution.[5][6] He then plays a practical joke by donning Tugarin's multicolored robe,[lower-alpha 1] [5][6] tricking his squire into thinking it was Tugarin approaching Kiev as the victor.

Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin

The bylina of "Alyosha Popovich" occurs in several versions. There is also the prose fairy tale version (Afanasyev #132 in Narodnye russkie skazki),[7][8] which is a prosification of a bylina.[9] A summary is as follows:

Alyosha Popovich and his squire, (Yekim[10] Maryshko Paranov[11]) travel from Rostov to Kiev and are welcomed by Prince Vladimir. There is a banquet, later joined by Tugarin Zemeyevich who acts boorishly. Tugarin shows no table manners, insults the prince, and consumes whole rounds of bread or an entire swan in huge gulps. Alyosha Popovich mocks Tugarin with an anecdote about an overfeeding cow that "choked on dregs"[2] (or burst from overdrinking[3]), and Tugarin throws a dagger at Alyosha, only for Yekim to catch it. Alyosha remarks how he has now obtained a dagger to carve Tugarin's heart with, but does not immediately act on it, or allow his squire to do so.[12][13]

The next day Alyosha is challenged by Tugarin to a battle in an open field, but Tugarin is using his wings to fly in the air.[3] Usually this is regarded as Tugarin assuming the guise of a winged dragon.[14] But there is a case where the bylina says the wings were not growing out of Tugarin, and Alyosha spots paper wings attached to the horse.[15] In either case, Alyosha prays to the Mother of God[3] and Savior[15] for rain to come to soak Tugarin's wings. Tugarin no longer can sustain flight and becomes earthbound, and the two begin the battle on the ground.

In the fairytale version, after their clubs are shattered and their lances shivered, Alyosha finishes Tugarin off with the knife from earlier, and severs his head.[16] In the bylina used as example here, Alyosha strikes off Tugarin's head with a walking staff (or walking stick, Russian: палица) that weighs 90 pood, which was obtained when he exchanged his wardrobe with a pilgrim.[15]

Alyosha shreds Tugarin's body to pieces, sticks the head on a spear and presents it to Prince Vladimir's court.[17]

Variants

The bylina used in the above summary is No. 85 in N. E. Onchukov (1904).[lower-alpha 2] It is the second version collected in this anthology,[18][19] which contains the element of Alyosha exchanging clothes with a pilgrim, but does not elaborate on how he employs the disguise to trick Tugarin, as occurs in the first version.[15][20] In another version (Danilov), Alyosha lowers Tugarins guard with the pilgrim's disguise, pretending to be a (kalêka) who is hard of hearing. A kalêka (калика) was a wandering psalm-singer who was oftentimes crippled.[21][22]

This long version collected by Kirsha Danilov (his No. 20, in 344 lines), two stories of Tugarin's are concatenated in the same song. Isabel Florence Hapgood has translated this in full.[23] Nora K. Chadwick translated the first encounter, but eschews that remaining 215 lines of the second encounter.[24][25]

Some versions more starkly allude to Vladmir's wife Princess Apraxia (Apraksevna, etc.) being completely seduced by "Young Tugarin Zemeyevich",[26] and she reproaches Alyosha for leaving her bereft of her "dear friend" at the end of the song, as in Danilov's long version.[24][27] Alyosha's subsequent repartee to the princess was: "Hail, Princess Aprakseyevna! I almost called you a bitch, A bitch and a wayward wench! There's the tale for you, and there's the deed".[4][lower-alpha 3]

There are some versions of the byliny recorded which has added a historical veneer so that the dragon has been more explicitly recast as "a traditional Tatar enemy of Kiev".[28]

Historial perspective

Alyosha Popovich may have been based on a historical Alexander Popovich of Rostov, who served prince Vsevolod the Big Nest and died in 1223 in the Battle of the Kalka River against the Tatars, according to the Nikon Chronicle. Nora K. Chadwick writing in 1932 stated that the historicity of the figure was assured.[15][29] However, a later commentator raised the specter that the figure may not have existed, his name merely a 15th-century interpolation into the chronicles by influence of epic poetry.[30]

Alyosha Popovich means "Son of Pope", and in the wondertale, the father is introduced as both "prebendary León" or "León the pope".[31] The father's name has also been rendered "Piest Levonty" or "Cathedral Priest Leonty".[32] He too may be modeled after a Bishop Leonty killed in 1071 in a pagan uprising.[33][34]

Another early source for the historical Alexander Popovich is a povest or story in a MS from Tver, which records his servant named Torop, matching Trofim who replaces Yekim as squire in a bylina variant.[35]

Soviet (Russian) historian Boris Rybakov, among others, has written that this bylina reflected the victory of Vladimir Monomakh over the Polovetsian commander Tugor-khan.[36]

Alyosha often features as a seсondary character in Russian fantasy movies such as Ilya Muromets, Real Fairy Tale, Last Knight, among others.

Alyosha is one of the main characters in the Bogatyrs animated film series by Melnitsa Animation Studio. He is the main protagonist in the 2004 animated comedy Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin Zmey by Konstantin Bronzit and also appears in the series of its sequels, sharing screen with Ilya Muromets and Dobrynya Nikitich[37]

Alyosha Popovich is the member of Vladimir Monomakh's armed force in Vadim Nikolayev's historical novel Bogatyr's Armed Force of Monomakh. Rus' in the Fire! (2014). [38]

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ Russian: "Платья с него снимал цветное на сто тысячей (v. 121).
  2. ↑ Collected from Archangel Province.
  3. ↑ Hapgood does not use the offending word but uses the circumlocution "the name which thou hast merited".

References

Citations
  1. ↑ Bailey & Ivanova (1998), p. 121.
  2. 1 2 Bailey & Ivanova (1998), p. 127.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Magnus (tr.) (1916), p. 167.
  4. 1 2 Mann, Robert (1986), Russian apocalypse: songs and tales about the coming of Christianity to Russia, Coronado Press, p. 64
  5. 1 2 Hapgood (tr.) (1886), p. 91.
  6. 1 2 Chadwick (1932), p. 78.
  7. ↑ Afanas'ev, "312. Alyosha Popovich", Haney (2015)
  8. ↑ "Alyósha Popóvich", Magnus (tr.) (1916), pp. 165–169
  9. ↑ Magnus (tr.) (1916), p. 165, note 1.
  10. ↑ Bailey & Ivanova (1998), pp. 121–122.
  11. ↑ Asfanayev, Magnus (tr.) (1916), p. 167
  12. ↑ Bailey & Ivanova (1998), pp. 121–127.
  13. ↑ Magnus (tr.) (1916), pp. 165–167.
  14. ↑ Chadwick (1932), p. 74: "the monster Tugarin, who is generally represented as a winged dragon."
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Bailey & Ivanova (1998), p. 128.
  16. ↑ Magnus (tr.) (1916), p. 168.
  17. ↑ Bailey & Ivanova (1998), pp. 121–129.
  18. ↑ Bailey & Ivanova (1998), pp. 123–124.
  19. ↑ "85. Olesha Popovich, Yekim parobok i Tugarin", Pechora Bylinas, Onchukov (1904), pp. 333–337
  20. ↑ "64. Alesha Popovich Yekim i Tugarin", Onchukov (1904), pp. 260–263
  21. ↑ Chadwick (1932), pp. 13, 78
  22. ↑ Hapgood (tr.) (1886), p. 90.
  23. ↑ Hapgood (tr.) (1886), pp. 88–97.
  24. 1 2  Russian Wikisource has original text related to this article: Алёша Попович, Danilov ed.
  25. ↑ Chadwick (1932), p. 79.
  26. ↑ Alexander (1973), p. 78: "The amorous Tugarin deprives Vladimir of his wife".
  27. ↑ "Тугарин" in Mythological Dictionary, E. Meletinsky (ed.) Soviet Encyclopedia (1991); Ivanov, V.V.; Toporov, V. N. "Тугарин". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. (in Russian)
  28. ↑ Bailey & Ivanova (1998), p. 122.
  29. ↑ Chadwick (1932), pp. 74–75.
  30. ↑ D. S. Likhachev (1949), cited by Bailey & Ivanova (1998), p. 122
  31. ↑ Magnus (tr.) (1916), p. 166.
  32. ↑ Bailey & Ivanova (1998), pp. 125, 122.
  33. 1 2 Bailey & Ivanova (1998), p. 123.
  34. ↑ Alyosha's father is Fedor (Fyodor) in the Danilov version. Bailey refers to a possible historical model for this as well.[33]
  35. ↑ Chadwick (1932), p. 74.
  36. ↑ (in Russian) Rybakov, B. A. (1987), The World of History. First Centuries of Russian History, Moscow, p. 196.
  37. ↑ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0415481/
  38. ↑ (in Russian) Vadim Nikolayev. Bogatyr's Armed Force of Monomakh
Bibliography

texts
  • Onchukov, Nikolai Eugenevich, ed. (1904). 85. Olesha Popovich, Yekim parobok i Tugarin Олеша Поповичъ, Екимъ паробокъ и Тугаринъ. Pechora Bylinas [Печорскія былины]. pp. 333–337.
    • "64. Alesha Popovich Yekim i Tugarin Алеша Поповичъ Еким и Тугаринъ", pp. 260–263
  • Afanas'ev (2015). Haney, Jack V., ed. #312 Alyosha Popovich. The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev. 2. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-4968-0275-0.
  • Afanáśev (1916). Alyósha Popóvich. Russian Folk-tales. Translated by Magnus, Leonard A. New York: E.P. Dutton. pp. 165–169.
  • Bailey, James; Ivanova, Tatyana, eds. (1998). Alyosha Popovich, his Squire Yekim, and Tugarin. An Anthology of Russian Folk Epics. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. ISBN 0-585-26579-8.
  • Hapgood, Isabel Florence (1886). Bold Alyósha the Pope's Son. The Epic Songs of Russia. Armonk, New York: C. Scribner's sons. pp. 88–97.
  • Chadwick, Nora Kershaw (1932). Alyosha Popovich. Russian Heroic Poetry. Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–. (Danilov's version)
studies
  • Alexander, Alex E. (1973), "Aleša Popovič and Tugarin the Dragon", Bylina and Fairy Tale: The Origin of Russian Heroic Poetry, The Hague: Mouton

/*Historical considerations*/ Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.

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