Standard drink

United States standard drinks of beer, malt liquor, wine, and spirits compared.

A standard drink is a measure of alcohol consumption representing a hypothetical beverage which contains a fixed amount of pure alcohol. A standard drink varies in volume depending on the alcohol concentration of the beverage (for example, a standard drink of spirits takes up much less space than a standard drink of beer), but it always contains the same amount of alcohol and therefore produces the same amount of drunkenness.

The standard drink is used in relation to recommendations about alcohol consumption and its relative risks to health. Many government health guidelines specify low to high risk amounts in units of grams of pure alcohol per day, week, or single occasion. The concept of the standard drink is meant to help visualize and estimate the absolute alcohol content of various drink concentrations and serving sizes.

For example, in the United States, a standard drink contains about 14 grams of alcohol.[1] This corresponds to a 12-US-fluid-ounce (350 mL) glass of beer, a 5-US-fluid-ounce (150 mL) glass of 12% wine, or a 1.5-US-fluid-ounce (44 mL) glass of spirit.[2][n 1]

Different countries define standard drinks differently. For example, in Australia, a standard drink contains 10 grams of alcohol,[3] but in Japan, it contains nearly 20 grams. In addition, a standard drink is often different from normal serving size in the country in which it is served.[4]

Labeling is usually required to give an indication of alcoholic content of a serving. Australia requires that "the label on a package of an alcoholic beverage must include a statement of the number of standard drinks in the package".[3]

The term "standard drink" was used in the United Kingdom in the first guidelines (1984) that published "safe limits" for drinking, but this was replaced by reference to units of alcohol in the 1987 guidelines and that term has been used in all subsequent UK guidance.[5] A unit of alcohol is defined there as 10 millilitres (8 grams) of pure alcohol.[6][7] This definition is independent of the strength (% ABV) and amount (volume) of any individual alcoholic beverage. The number of units of alcohol in a bottle or can (and, optionally, the number of units in a typical serving) are indicated on the drink container. Typical servings deliver 1–3 units of alcohol.[8]

Definitions in various countries

The amount of alcohol is stated in the table in both grams (g) and millilitres (mL). The number of standard drinks contained in 500 mL (16.9 fluid ounces) of beer of 4.5% ABV (a typical large drink of beer) is stated for comparison.[9]

CountryMass (g)Volume (mL)500 mL[n 2] of 4.5% ABV beer is
Australia[10]1012.72.0 standard drinks
Austria[11]2025.31.0 standard drinks
Canada[12][13]13.617.21.4 standard drinks
Denmark[11]1215.21.6 standard drinks
Finland[14][15]1215.21.6 standard drinks
France1012.72.0 standard drinks
Germany[16]1012.72.0 standard drinks
Hong Kong[17]1012.72.0 standard drinks
Hungary1721.51.2 standard drinks
Iceland[18]8102.5 standard drinks
Ireland[19]1012.72.0 standard drinks
Italy1012.72.0 standard drinks
Japan19.75251.0 standard drinks
Netherlands[11]1012.72.0 standard drinks
New Zealand[20][21]1012.72.0 standard drinks
Poland1012.72.0 standard drinks
Portugal[15]1417.71.4 standard drinks
Spain1012.72.0 standard drinks
Switzerland 12 15.2 1.6 standard drinks
United Kingdom[22]8102.5 units of alcohol
United States[23][15]1417.7[n 3]1.4 standard drinks

Calculation of pure alcohol mass in a serving

Pure alcohol mass in a serving can be calculated if concentration, density and volume are known.

For example, 0.35 litre glass of beer with ABV of 5.5% has 15.2 grams of pure alcohol. Pure alcohol has density of 789.24 g/L (at 20 °C).

When drink size is in fluid ounces (which differ between the UK and the US), the following conversions can be used:

CountryVolume of fl. oz. (mL)Mass of fl. oz. of alcohol (g)
UK28.413062522.425
US29.573529562523.341

One should bear in mind that a pint in the UK is 20 UK fluid ounces, whereas a pint in the US is only 16 US fluid ounces (but because 1 Imp. fl. oz. = 0.96 US fl. oz., 1 Imp. pint = 1.2 US pint, not (20/16=) 1.25 US pints).

Time to metabolise

On average, it takes about one hour for the body to metabolise (break down) one standard drink as defined by U.S. guidelines (i.e. 12 ounces of 5% beer, 5 ounces of 12% wine, or 1.5 ounces of 40% liquor). However, this can vary with body weight, sex, age, personal metabolic rate, recent food intake, the type and strength of the alcohol, and medications taken. Alcohol may be metabolised more slowly if liver function is impaired.[8]

See also

References

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ Assuming that beer is 5% alcohol by volume, wine is 12%, and spirits is 40% (80 proof). Most wine today is higher than 12%, which used to be a standard; 80 proof is still the standard for spirits, though higher alcohol content is common.
  2. ↑ 16.9 fl oz; just over 1 US pint
  3. ↑ defined as 0.6 fl oz

Citations

  1. ↑ 14 grams of alcohol is 0.6 US fluid ounces or 18 mL.
  2. ↑ rethinkingdrinking.niaaa.nih.gov, US NIH Web site:What's a "standard" drink?
  3. 1 2 Guide to Labelling of Alcoholic Beverages
  4. ↑ Mongan, Deirdre; Long, Jean (May 22, 2015). "Standard drink measures throughout Europe; peoples' understanding of standard drinks and their use in drinking guidelines, alcohol surveys and labelling" (PDF). Reducing Alcohol Related Harm. p. 8. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
  5. ↑ "Alcohol guidelines, Eleventh Report of Session 2010–12" (PDF). UK Parliament. House of Commons, Science and Technology Committee. 7 December 2011. p. 7. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  6. ↑ "Drinkaware - What is an alcohol unit?".
  7. ↑ "How long does alcohol stay in your blood?". NHS Choices. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  8. 1 2 UK NHS:How long does alcohol stay in your blood?, reviewed 2013
  9. ↑ ICAP Report 5 - "What is a 'standard drink'". URL:. Accessed on June 19, 2008.
  10. ↑ Population Health Division, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing The Australian Standard Drink
  11. 1 2 3 "Drinking Guidelines: General Population". IARD.org. International Alliance for Responsible Drinking. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  12. ↑ Canadian Public Health Association. URL: . 2006.
  13. ↑ Centre for Addiction and Mental Health / Centre de toxicomanie et de santé mentale Low-Risk Drinking Guidelines
  14. ↑ paihdelinkki.fi, How to use alcohol wisely
  15. 1 2 3 Drinking and You Drinking guidelines — units of alcohol Archived 2007-02-08 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ↑ "Was ist ein Standardglas?" [What is a standard drink?]. Alkohol? Kenn dein Limit. (in German). Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
  17. ↑ Department of Health Alcohol and Health: Hong Kong Situation
  18. ↑ Landlæknisembættið, Icelandic Directorate of Health
  19. ↑ Hope, A. (2009). A Standard Drink in Ireland: What strength? (PDF). Health Service Executive. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  20. ↑ New Zealand Food Safety Authority Archived 2008-07-04 at the Wayback Machine.
  21. ↑ Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand (ALAC) What's in a Standard Drink
  22. ↑ PRODIGY Knowledge (Department of Health) Alcohol and Sensible Drinking Archived 2006-09-25 at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ↑ "Alcohol and Public Health: Frequently Asked Questions". CDC. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
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