Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Coordinates: 40°51′03″N 73°50′42″W / 40.850852°N 73.844949°W / 40.850852; -73.844949

Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Type Private, Not-for-profit, Nonsectarian
Established 1953
Parent institution
 Montefiore Medicine
Dean Gordon F. Tomaselli, M.D.
Academic staff
 2,000+ full-time
Students
  • 278 post-doctoral fellows
Location The Bronx, New York City, NY, U.S.A.
Campus Urban
Nickname Einstein
Website http://www.einstein.yu.edu/

The Albert Einstein College of Medicine ("Einstein" for short), a joint entity between Montefiore Medical Center and Yeshiva University (until 2018), is a private, not-for-profit, sectarian medical school located in the Morris Park neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. In addition to M.D. degrees, Einstein offers graduate biomedical and bioscience degrees through its Sue Golding Graduate Division. Gordon F. Tomaselli, M.D., became the Marilyn and Stanley M. Katz Dean in July 2018.[1]

Einstein’s areas of focus are medical education, basic research, and clinical research. The school is well known for its humanistic approach to medicine and the diversity of its student body. The class of 2021 includes 183 students from 22 different states. In addition, 20% were born outside the U.S., and 11% identify themselves as belonging to groups considered underrepresented in medicine.[2]

Einstein is a major biomedical and clinical research facility. Faculty members received over $174 million in research grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 2017, ranking 28th of 141 medical schools in the U.S.[3] The N.I.H. funding includes major amounts for research in aging, disorders of intellectual development, disorders of the weak minded and feeble, diabetes, cancer, liver disease, and AIDS.[4]

History

Dr. Samuel Belkin, president of Yeshiva University, began planning a new medical school as early as 1945. Six years later, Dr. Belkin and New York City Mayor Vincent Impellitteri entered into an agreement to begin its construction with funding from Henry H. Minskoff.[5] Around the same time, world-renowned physicist and humanitarian Albert Einstein sent a letter to Dr. Belkin. He remarked that such an endeavor would be "unique" in that the school would "welcome students of all creeds and races".[6] Two years later, on his 74th birthday, March 14, 1953, Albert Einstein agreed to have his name attached to the medical school.

The first classes began September 12, 1955, with 56 students. It was the first new medical school to open in New York City since 1897. The Sue Golding Graduate Division was established in 1957 to offer Ph.D. degrees in biomedical disciplines.[7] The Medical Scientist Training Program, a combined M.D.-Ph.D. program, was started 1964.[8] The Clinical Research Training Program, which confers M.S. degrees in clinical research methods, began in July 1998.[9]

Notable research and achievements

Price Center
The Michael F. Price Center for Genetic and Translational Medicine and Harold and Muriel Block Research Pavilion, 2008

Einstein has been the site of major medical achievements and accomplishments, including:[10]

  • In 1964, Einstein was the first medical school in the United States to establish a Department of Genetics.
  • In 1965, Einstein opened one of the first General Clinical Research Centers in the U.S., funded by the N.I.H.
  • The residency program in Social Medicine was established in 1970, in part to address the shortage of primary care clinicians in underserved communities.
  • In 1974, Einstein's Liver Research Center—now the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center—became the first institute in the United States for the study of liver disease and injury.
  • In 1976, researchers at Einstein identified the mechanism of action of Taxol, an important cancer drug. (Susan B. Horwitz, Ph.D.)
  • In 1978, Einstein was designated a Diabetes Research and Training Center, one of seven in the U.S. Prominent scientists involved in research on the insulin receptor, the mechanisms of diabetes complications, glucose toxicity, control of metabolism by the brain, and hypoglycemia have done research there.
  • In 1988, one of the first Centers for AIDS Research in the country funded by the N.I.H. was created at Einstein. Researchers were among the first to identify pediatric AIDS as a distinct disease and established the first day-care center in the world for children with AIDS. (Arye Rubinstein, M.D.)
  • In 1994, Einstein became the only New York City medical school selected by the N.I.H. to participate in the Women's Health Initiative, the largest research study of women's health ever undertaken. (Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, Ph.D., principal investigator)
  • In 2006, Einstein became the only medical institution in the Northeast to serve as a research site for the Hispanic Community Health Study, the largest research study of Hispanic health ever conducted. (Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, Ph.D., principal investigator)
  • Einstein researchers demonstrated the association between reduced levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), or "good" cholesterol, and heart disease.
  • Einstein researchers identified a neurotransmitter missing from the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, a finding that influenced much subsequent Alzheimer's disease research. (Peter Davies, Ph.D.)
  • Researchers at Einstein discovered structural abnormalities of brain cells that explain deficiencies in cognitive development, greatly contributing to the understanding of mental retardation. (Dominick P. Purpura, M.D.)
  • Einstein researchers helped discover the mechanisms responsible for the diversity of antibodies and their precision in immune responses. (Matthew D. Scharff, M.D.)
  • Scientists at Einstein pioneered research that has led to improved methods of avoiding organ transplant rejection. (Stanley G. Nathenson, M.D.)
  • Einstein researchers have conducted important epidemiologic research in migraines and other types of headaches. (Richard B. Lipton, M.D.)
  • The Division of Substance Abuse is the largest addiction treatment program in the Bronx, the second largest public treatment program in New York State, and the largest in the world operating under the auspices of a medical school. It serves more than 3,600 people, and provides comprehensive opioid addiction treatment at nine community-based outpatient facilities located throughout the borough, as well as ambulatory services for all substances of abuse at the Division’s Chemical Dependency Wellness Services program in facilities located in the North and South Bronx.

Allegations of discrimination

The College of Medicine has been the center of several allegations of discrimination. In 1994, Einstein was sued by Heidi Weissmann, a researcher in nuclear medicine and former associate professor of radiology, for sexual discrimination for not promoting her due to gender bias. The case was settled for $900,000.[11] In 1998, Yeshiva University and Einstein were sued by the American Civil Liberties Union for discrimination of two medical students over their sexual orientation by not allowing their non-student, non-married partners to live with them in student housing.[12]

Transfer from Yeshiva University to Montefiore Health System

In February 2015, Yeshiva University announced the transfer of ownership of Einstein to the Montefiore Health System, in order to eliminate a large deficit from the university's financial statements. The medical school accounted for approximately two-thirds of the university's annual operating deficits, which had reached about $100 million before the announcement.[13] On September 9, 2015, the agreement between Yeshiva and Montefiore was finalized, and financial and operational control of Albert Einstein College of Medicine was transferred to Montefiore.[14][15] Yeshiva University plans to continue to grant Einstein's degrees until 2018, when Montefiore's application for its own degree-granting authority is expected to be approved.[16]

Leadership

  • Marcus D. Kogel, M.D., founding dean, November 1, 1953–1967.[17][18]
  • Harry H. Gordon, M.D., dean, 1967–1970.[19]
  • Ernst R. Jaffé, M.D., acting dean, 1972–September 1, 1974, and 1983–August 1, 1984.[20]
  • Labe C. Scheinberg, M.D., dean, 1970–1972.[21][22]
  • Ephraim Friedman, M.D., dean, September 1, 1974–1983.[23]
  • Dominick P. Purpura, M.D., The Marilyn and Stanley M. Katz Dean, August 1, 1984–June 1, 2006. His 22 years as dean are a record for the head of a medical school.[24][25]
  • Allen M. Spiegel, M.D., The Marilyn and Stanley M. Katz Dean, June 1, 2006–June 30, 2018. Dr. Spiegel was previously the director of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases at the National Institutes of Health, where he worked for over 30 years.
  • Gordon F. Tomaselli, M.D., The Marilyn and Stanley M. Katz Dean, July 16, 2018–present. Dr. Tomaselli is a graduate of the Class of 1982, and was Chief of the Division of Cardiology and Co-Director of the Heart and Vascular Institute at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.[1]

Academic programs

The school offers M.D. and Ph.D. degrees and has a Medical Scientist Training Program that gives combined M.D.-Ph.D. degrees. Students pursuing Ph.D. or M.D.-Ph.D. degrees get full tuition remission and an annual stipend of $33,000.[26] Einstein also offers M.S. degrees in clinical research methods and in bioethics. The school is well known for promoting community medical awareness, and for humanism in social, ethical, and medical realms through its hospital affiliations, free Einstein Community Health Outreach clinic, and Bronx community health fairs.

A study published by researchers at Harvard Medical School and the University of California, San Francisco, which sought to eliminate the subjective metrics present in the U.S. News & World Report rankings, gave Einstein a rank of #13 relative to other medicals schools in the United States, placing it among the top 10 percent.[27][28] Einstein is currently ranked #35 in research by U.S. News & World Report out of 170 medical schools.[29]

Albert Einstein offers joint residency programs between Montefiore Medical Center and Jacobi Medical Center in Child Neurology, Dermatology, Emergency Medicine, General Surgery, Neurology, Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Ophthalmology, Orthopedic Surgery, Otolaryngology (ENT), Plastic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R), Urology and Vascular Surgery.[30] Its Jacobi Medical Center also offers comprehensive residency training programs in Internal Medicine, Pediatrics and Radiology.

Affiliations

The Albert Einstein College of Medicine is affiliated with five medical centers: Montefiore Medical Center, [31] the University Hospital and academic medical center for Einstein; Jacobi Medical Center, Einstein’s founding hospital and first affiliate, and three other hospital systems: North Shore-LIJ Health System on Long Island, Maimonides Medical Center in Brooklyn, and Bronx Lebanon Hospital. Through its affiliation network, Einstein runs the largest postgraduate medical training program in the U.S.

Einstein runs the Rose F. Kennedy Center, which conducts research and treatment for people with developmental disabilities.

Departments

Einstein has many departments in various fields of academic medicine and basic science. Ph.D. and M.D.-Ph.D. degrees are offered in:[32]

  • Anatomy and Structural Biology
  • Anesthesiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Cardiothoracic Surgery
  • Cell Biology
  • Dentistry
  • Developmental and Molecular Biology       
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Epidemiology and Population Health
  • Family and Social Medicine
  • Genetics
  • Medicine (Divisions)
    • Allergy and Immunology
    • Cardiology
    • Critical Care Medicine
    • Dermatology
    • Endocrinology
    • Gastroenterology
    • General Internal Medicine
    • Geriatrics
    • Hematology
    • Hepatology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Nephrology
    • Oncology
  • Medicine (continued)
    • Pulmonary Medicine
    • Rheumatology
  • Microbiology and Immunology[33]
  • Molecular Pharmacology[34]
  • Leo M. Davidoff Department of Neurological Surgery
  • The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology
  • Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health
  • Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Otorhinolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery
  • Pathology
  • Pediatrics
  • Physiology and Biophysics[35]
  • Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Radiology
  • The Arthur S. Abramson Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Sound View Throgs Neck Community Mental Health Center
  • Surgery
  • Systems & Computational Biology
  • Urology

Centers and institutes

  • The Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center is the main clinical arm of the Rose F. Kennedy Center, one of 67 similar centers in the United States. Composed of ten interdisciplinary teams, the CERC provides care for approximately 8,000 children and adults with developmental and other disabilities.[36] Under the direction of Dr. Robert W. Marion, a medical geneticist, the CERC provides care to children with disabilities and to their families, educates students and professionals with an interest in the field of neurodevelopmental disabilities, and conducts research into the causes and potential treatments of the conditions that affect patients. The research arm of CERC is headed by Dr. John J. Foxe.[37]
    • The CERC is home to one of 36 Leadership in Neurodevelopmental Disabilities programs in the U.S., and offers hands-on education to professionals in developmental and behavioral pediatrics, special care and general dentistry, medical genetics and genetic counseling, psychiatry, psychology, social work, nursing, and other specialties. Each year, more than 1,000 medical, dental, nursing, and other professionals participate in its educational programs.
    • Since 2007, the CERC has also developed a substantial clinical research program, investigating the causes and treatments of such conditions as autism and autism spectrum disorder, sensorineural hearing loss, and cerebral palsy.
  • The Center for Ethics at Yeshiva University and the Institute for Public Health Sciences are affiliated with the medical school.
  • Albert Einstein Cancer Center[38]
  • Center for AIDS Research[39]
  • Diabetes Research and Training Center[40]
  • Hispanic Center of Excellence[41]
  • Institute for Aging Research[42]
  • Institute for Clinical and Translational Research[43]
  • Institute for Onco-Physics[44]
  • See all centers[45]

Campus

The Falk Center, with one of the three student housing apartment buildings in the background

The Einstein Campus is named for Jack and Pearl Resnick. Its main features are:

  • The Leo Forchheimer Medical Sciences Building (1953) was the school's first building. It contains Robbins auditorium (the second-year medical students' lecture hall), Max and Sadie Friedman Lounge, biological research labs and anatomy labs, other lecture halls for graduate courses, and the school's D. Samuel Gottesman Library. In 2007, the building caught on fire twice, severely disrupting classes and research.
  • The Mazer Building contains the Lubin Student Center, which is the school's kosher dining hall, the Singer faculty club, and faculty offices.
  • The Ullmann Research Center for Health Sciences (1964) contains research laboratories.
  • The Arthur B. and Diane Belfer Educational Center for Health Sciences (1972) is the school's main educational building and houses the first-year medical students' lecture hall (Riklis Auditorium), instructional labs, classrooms, conference rooms, and administrative offices.
  • The Irwin B. and Sylvia Chanin Institute for Cancer Research (1978) has laboratories for cancer research
  • The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center.[46]
  • The Samuel H. and Rachel Golding Building (1996) is a 10-story biomedical research facility that is an addition to the original Forchheimer building.
  • Morris Park Avenue bisects the campus, separating the majority of academic and research buildings from the residential buildings and new construction.
  • The Michael F. Price Center for Genetic and Translational Medicine is a $220 million research building, opened and dedicated on June 12, 2008. It is 201,000 square feet (18,700 m2), houses 40 laboratories, including a BSL-3 laboratory for infectious disease research.
  • The Van Etten Building contains the Ruth L. Gottesman Clinical Skills Center, a 22,700-square-foot (2,110 m2) space of classrooms and 23 examination rooms for the clinical instruction of first- and second-year medical students.[47][48]
  • The Eastchester Road Residence Complex, as three 28-story apartment buildings containing 634 apartments, provides housing to M.D. and Ph.D. students, post-doctoral fellows, and their families.
  • The Falk Recreation Center, which opened in 1987, houses a gym, pool, indoor track, and basketball, squash and racquetball courts.
  • The Jack D. Weiler Hospital of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, a division of Montefiore Medical Center.

The Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development is on the adjacent campus of Jacobi Medical Center. The Rhinelander Hall Residence Complex, several blocks away on Rhinelander Avenue, houses post-doctoral fellows and medical students.

Student life

Einstein College is located in Morris Park, a residential neighborhood in the northeast Bronx. The Bronx Zoo and the New York Botanical Garden are nearby. The fishing community of City Island, which features marinas and a broad selection of seafood restaurants, is also a short distance away.[49]

There are more than 50 student clubs with a variety of activities, medical specialties, and a wide range of religious, political, and ethnic affiliations. Offerings include dance and movie clubs, an arts and literary magazine, and the Einstein Community Health Outreach, which launched New York State's first student-coordinated free clinic.[50]

Notable alumni

Notable faculty

  • Alfred A. Angrist, M.D., Professor and founding Chairman of the Department of Pathology, 1954–1969.[72][73]
  • Nir Barzilai, M.D., Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology) and of Genetics, and Director of the Institute for Aging Research, 1993–current.[74][75]
  • Barry Bloom, M.D., Professor and Chairman of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1978–1990.
  • Arturo Casadevall, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, 1991–2011, and Chairman of Microbiology and Immunology, 2007–2011.[76]
  • Marie Daly, Ph.D., Professor of Biochemistry and Medicine, 1960–1986.[77]
  • Leo M. Davidoff, M.D., Professor and founding Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery, 1955–1966.[72][78]
  • Harry Eagle, M.D., Professor of Pathology, 1961–1988.[79]
  • Bernard N. Fields, M.D. Professor of Medicine and of Cell Biology, 1968–1975.[80][81]
  • Alfred Gilman, Ph.D., Professor and founding Chairman of the Department of Pharmacology, 1956–1973.[72][82]
  • Jeffrey P. Gold, M.D., Professor and Chairman of the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgeon-in-Chief at Montefiore Medical Center, 1996–2005.
  • Susan Band Horwitz, Ph.D., Professor of Molecular Pharmacology, 1967–current.[83]
  • William R. Jacobs Jr., Ph.D., Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, and of Genetics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, 1987–current.[84][85]
  • Geoffrey Kabat, Ph.D., Professor of Epidemiology.
  • Leopold Koss, M.D., Cytopathologist, Chairman of the Department of Pathology
  • Steven K. Libutti, M.D., Professor of Surgery and of Genetics, 2009–2017[86]
  • David Loeb, M.D., Ph.D., Chief of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology; nationally recognized sarcoma expert
  • Irving M. London, M.D., Professor of Medicine and founding Chairman of the Department of Medicine, 1955–1970.[72][82]
  • Gertie Marx, M.D., Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and pioneer of obstetric anesthesiology, 1955–1995.[87]
  • Mary Jane Osborn, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Biochemistry, 1963–1968.[88]
  • Tia Powell, M.D., Professor of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Psychiatry, 2009–current.[89][90]
  • Isabelle Rapin, M.D., Professor of Neurology and of Pediatrics, 1958–2012.[91][92][93]
  • Arye Rubinstein, M.D., Professor and Chief of the Division of Allergy & Immunology.
  • Oliver Sacks, M.D., Professor of Neurology, 1966–2007.[94]
  • Berta Scharrer, Ph.D., Professor of Anatomy and Structural Biology and of Neuroscience, 1955–1995.[95]
  • Ernst Scharrer, Ph.D., Professor and founding Chairman of the Department of Anatomy, 1954–1965.[72][96][97]
  • Victor W. Sidel, M.D. Professor and Chairman of the Department of Social Medicine, 1969–2018.[98]
  • Robert H. Singer, Ph.D., Professor and Co-Chair, Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology; Professor, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience; Professor, Department of Cell Biology; Co-Director, Integrated Imaging Facility; and Co-Director, Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center; senior fellow at the Janelia Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute; member of the US National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
  • Theodore Spaet, M.D., Professor of Medicine (Hematology), 1965–1985.[99]
  • Edmund Sonnenblick, M.D., Professor and Director of the Cardiology Division 1975–1996[100]
  • Wolfgang A. Tomé, Ph.D., Professor of Radiation Oncology, founding Director of Medical Physics of the Institute for Onco-Physics, Director of the Division of Therapeutic Medical Physics in the Department of Radiation Oncology at Montefiore Medical Center, 2012–current.[101][44]
  • Jan Vijg, Ph.D., Professor of Molecular Genetics.[102]
  • Abraham White, Ph.D., Professor of Biochemistry, 1955–1962.[103]

See also

References

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  3. ↑ "Ranking Tables of NIH Funding to US Medical Schools in 2017 (1 October 2016-30 September 2017)". Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  4. ↑ "Academic Departments and Centers — Albert Einstein College of Medicine". einstein.yu.edu. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  5. ↑ New York Times: "Henry H. Minskoff, 73, Head of Major Building Company" by Glenn Fowler August 15, 1984.
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  7. ↑ "History: Albert Einstein College of Medicine". einstein.yu.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  8. ↑ "Welcome to the MSTP @ Einstein!", Albert Einstein College of Medicine website.
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  11. ↑ "Medical School, Researcher Settle Sex Bias Lawsuit; Experts Say $900,000 Payment Could Encourage Similar Cases". The Washington Post. March 18, 1994.
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  13. ↑ Yeshiva U. Finally Closes Deal To Shed Burden of Money-Losing Einstein Medical School The Jewish Daily Forward, 4 February 2015.
  14. ↑ "Yeshiva University, Montefiore Finalize New Agreement for Albert Einstein College of Medicine". news-medical.net. News-Medical.net. September 10, 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  15. ↑ "Yeshiva University, Montefiore finalize new agreement for Albert Einstein College of Medicine". 10 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
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  17. ↑ "Dr. Kogel Resigns as Hospitals Head — Gives Up City Post to Become Dean of Albert Einstein College of Medicine". New York Times. October 15, 1953. p. 28. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
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  30. ↑ "Residency Navigator Directory". residency.doximity.com. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
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  33. ↑ "Albert Einstein College of Medicine: Microbiology & Immunology". einstein.yu.edu. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
  34. ↑ "Department of Molecular Pharmacology". einstein.yu.edu. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
  35. ↑ "Department of Physiology and Biophysics". einstein.yu.edu. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
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  38. ↑ "Albert Einstein College of Medicine". einstein.yu.edu. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
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  40. ↑ "Einstein Diabetes Research Center - Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NYC, NY". einstein.yu.edu. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
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  44. 1 2 "Institute for Oncophysics". einstein.yu.edu. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
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  50. ↑ "Home — ECHO Free Clinic — Albert Einstein College of Medicine". einstein.yu.edu. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
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  54. 1 2 Waldman, Meredith (June 13, 2012). "Grant Review Opens Up Texas-sized Rift — Big Money and Big Ambitions Roil State's Research Efforts". Nature. 486 (7402): 169–171. doi:10.1038/486169a. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
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