Alarmone

An Alarmone is an intracellular signal molecule that is produced due to harsh environmental factors. They regulate the gene expression at transcription level. Alarmones are produced in high concentrations when harsh environmental factors occur in bacteria and plants, such as lack of amino acids, to produce proteins. Stringent factors take uncharged tRNA and convert it to an alarmone. Guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) is then converted to 5´-diphosphate 3´-diphosphate guanosine (ppGpp), the archetypical alarmone. ppGpp will bind to RNA polymerase β and β´subunits, changing promoter preference. It will decrease rRNA and other genes transcription but will increase transcription of genes involved in amino acid biosyntheses and metabolisms involved in famine.[1]

Notes

  1. ↑ Jishage M, Kvint K, Shingler V, Nyström T (2002). "Regulation of ς factor competition by the alarmone ppGpp". Genes & Development. 16 (10): 1260–70. doi:10.1101/gad.227902. PMC 186289. PMID 12023304.
  • Alarmone in the Biology Online Dictionary
  • Alarmone, Nature.com Glossary
  • Artsimovitch I, Patlan V, Sekine S, Vassylyeva MN, Hosaka T, Ochi K, Yokoyama S, Vassylyev DG (2004). "Structural basis for transcription regulation by alarmone ppGpp". Cell. 117 (3): 299–310. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00401-5. PMID 15109491.
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