Alan Dundes

Alan Dundes with a wooden Norwegian statue of a tale called "Squeezing the Stone"

Alan Dundes (September 8, 1934 – March 30, 2005)[1] was a folklorist at the University of California, Berkeley. His work was said to have been central to establishing the study of folklore as an academic discipline. He wrote 12 books, both academic and popular, and edited or co-wrote two dozen more.[2] One of his most notable articles was called "Seeing is Believing" in which he indicated that Americans value the sense of sight more than the other senses.

He introduced the concept "allomotif" (coined in an analogy with "allomorph", to complement the concept of "motifeme" (cf. "morpheme") introduced by Kenneth L. Pike) as concept to be used in the analysis of the structures of folktales in terms of motifs identified in them.[3][4]

Career

Dundes attended Yale University, where he studied English[1] and met his wife Carolyn. Sure that he would be drafted upon completion of his studies, Dundes joined the ROTC and trained to become a naval communications officer. When it turned out that the ship he was to be posted to, stationed in the Bay of Naples, already had a communications officer, Dundes asked what else that ship might need, not wanting to give up such a choice assignment. He then spent two years maintaining artillery guns on a ship in the Mediterranean. Upon completion of his service, Dundes attended Indiana University to pursue a Ph.D in folklore. At Indiana, he studied under the father of American Folklore, Richard Dorson.[1] He quickly established himself as a force to be reckoned with in the field of folkloristics. He completed his degree very quickly and went on to a teaching position at the University of Kansas where he stayed for only a year before being offered a position in the University of California, Berkeley anthropology department teaching folklore. Dundes held this position for 42 years, until his death in 2005.

Teaching methods

Alan Dundes was described by some as an engaging lecturer, his Introduction to Folklore course attracting many students. In this course, students were introduced to the many various forms of folklore, from myth, legend, and folktale to proverbs and riddles to jokes, games, and folkspeech (slang), to folk belief and foodways. The final project for this course required that each student collect, identify, and analyze 40 items of folklore. All of this material (about 500,000 items) is housed and cataloged in the Berkeley Folklore Archives. Dundes also taught undergraduate courses in American folklore, and psychoanalytic approaches to folklore (his favorite approach) in addition to graduate seminars on the history of folkloristics, from an international perspective, and the history and progression of folklore theory.

Dundes was also a great supporter of the New Student Orientation Program at UC Berkeley (CalSO). He frequently gave the opening address during summer orientation programs, whetting students' appetites about the type of instruction they might receive at the University. These addresses were littered with jokes and stories which were a trademark of Dundes' lectures in his popular anthropology class and were a favorite of both in-coming students and the orientation staff alike.

Controversy

Strongly opinionated, Dundes was not at all averse to the controversy that his theories often generated. He dealt frequently with folklore as an expression of unconscious desires and anxieties and was of the opinion that if people reacted strongly to what he had to say, he had probably hit a nerve and was probably on to something. Some of his more controversial work involved examining the New Testament and the Qur'an as folklore.[5]

However, of all his articles, the one that earned him death threats was "Into the Endzone for a Touchdown", an exploration via psychoanalysis of what he contended was the homoerotic subtext inherent in the terminology and rituals surrounding American football.[6] In 1980, Dundes was invited to give the presidential address at the American Folklore Society annual meeting.[7] His presentation, later published as a monograph titled "Life is Like a Chicken Coop Ladder", uses folkspeech, customs, material culture, and so forth seeking to demonstrate an anal-erotic fixation of German national character.[6] Reaction to this paper was incredibly strong[6] and because of it, Dundes declined to attend the AFS annual meeting for the next 20 years. When he finally did attend again, in 2004, he again gave a plenary address, this time taking his fellow folklorists to task for being weak on theory. In his opinion, the presentation of data, no matter how thorough, is useless without the development and application of theory to that data. It is not enough to simply collect, one must do something with what one has collected.[8] In 2012, linguist Anatol Stefanowitsch credited Dundes with having given rise to a still prevalent "stereotype about Germany as a culture enamored with excretion", but called his monograph "unstructured, poorly argued and flimsily sourced" and "methodologically flawed because he only looked for evidence supporting his theory, and not – as even a folklorist should – for evidence against his theory".[9]

Endowment of a professorship

Dundes fiercely defended the importance of the discipline of folkloristics throughout his career. Towards the end of his life, he received an envelope containing a check from a former student, which he asked his wife to open. She read the figure out as $1,000. In fact, the check was for $1,000,000. This money allowed Dundes to endow the university with a Distinguished Professorship in Folkloristics, thereby ensuring that upon his retirement folklore would not be abandoned in the department.[10]

The former student and benefactor wished to remain anonymous. Apparently he or she called the university prior to the donation to find out if Dundes was still teaching, or as Dundes told it, "to see if I was still alive." The student mentioned that he or she intended to send a check, but Dundes said he was not sure the student would follow through.

The check was made out to the university, Dundes said, but with instructions that he could use it in any manner he saw fit.

"I could just take all my students to Fiji and have one hell of a party," he said.

The professor instead decided to invest it in the study of folklore. The money funds a Distinguished Professorship of Folkloristics and helps fund the university's folklore archives and provides grants for folklore students.[11]

Interview by Flemming

Shortly before his death, Dundes was interviewed by filmmaker Brian Flemming for his documentary, The God Who Wasn't There. He prominently recounted Lord Raglan's 22-point scale from his 1936 book The Hero, in which he ranks figures possessing similar divine attributions.[12] An extended interview[13] is on the DVD version of the documentary.

Death

Dundes collapsed and died while giving a graduate seminar.[2]

Influence

Before the term folkloristics can be fully understood, it is necessary to understand that the terms folk and lore are defined in many different ways. While some use the word folk to mean only peasants or remote cultures, the folklorist Alan Dundes (1934–2005) of the University of California at Berkeley calls this definition a “misguided and narrow concept of the folk as the illiterate in a literate society” (Devolutionary Premise, 13).

Dundes is often credited with the promotion of folkloristics as a term denoting a specific field of academic study and applies instead what he calls a “modern” flexible social definition for folk: two or more persons who have any trait in common and express their shared identity through traditions. Dundes explains this point best in his essay, The Devolutionary Premise in Folklore Theory (1969):

“A folk or peasant society is but one example of a ‘folk’ in the folkloristic sense. Any group of people sharing a common linking factor, e.g., an urban group such as a labor union, can and does have folklore. ‘Folk’ is a flexible concept which can refer to a nation as in American folklore or to a single family. The critical issue in defining ‘folk’ is: what groups in fact have traditions?” (emphasis in the original, see footnote 34, 13)

With this expanded social definition of folk, a wider view of the material considered to be folklore also emerged that includes, as William Wilson points out, “things people make with words (verbal lore), things they make with their hands (material lore), and things they make with their actions (customary lore)” (2006, 85).

Another implication of this broader defining of the term folk, according to Dundes, is that folkloristic work is interpretative and scientific rather than descriptive or devoted solely to folklore preservation. In the 1978 collection of his academic work, Essays in Folkloristics, Dundes declares in his preface, “Folkloristics is the scientific study of folklore just as linguistics is the scientific study of language. [. . .] It implies a rigorous intellectual discipline with some attempt to apply theory and method to the materials of folklore” (vii). In other words, Dundes advocates the use of folkloristics as the preferred term for the academic discipline devoted to the study of folklore.

According to Dundes, folkloristic work will probably continue to be important in the future. Dundes writes, “folklore is a universal: there has always been folklore and in all likelihood there will always be folklore. As long as humans interact and in the course of so doing employ traditional forms of communication, folklorists will continue to have golden opportunities to study folklore” (Devolutionary Premise, 19). According to folklorist William A. Wilson, “the study of folklore, therefore, is not just a pleasant pastime useful primarily for whiling away idle moments. Rather, it is centrally and crucially important in our attempts to understand our own behavior and that of our fellow human beings" (2006, 203).

Works

  • Pagter, Carl R. (Co-author). Never Try to Teach a Pig to Sing.
  • (1964)."The Morphology of North American Indian Folktales".
  • (Ed.) (1965). The Study of Folklore.
  • (1968). "The Number Three in American Culture." In Alan Dundes (ed.), Every Man His Way: Readings in Cultural Anthropology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
  • (1969). "Thinking Ahead: A Folkloristic Reflection of the Future Orientation in American Worldview".
  • (1971). "A Study of Ethnic Slurs".
  • (1972). "Folk Ideas as Units of Worldview".
  • (1975). "Slurs International: Folk Comparisons of Ethnicity and National Character".
  • (1980). Interpreting Folklore. Indiana University Press.
  • (1984). Life is Like a Chicken Coop Ladder: A Portrait of German Culture Through Folklore.
  • (Ed.) (1984). Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth. University of California Press.
  • Falassi, Alessandro (Co-author) (1984). La terra in Piazza: An interpretation of the Palio in Siena. University of California Press.
  • (with C. Banc) (1986) "First Prize: Fifteen Years. An Annotated Collection of Political Jokes" ISBN 0-8386-3245-9
  • (1987). Cracking Jokes: Studies of Sick Humor Cycles & Stereotypes. Ten Speed Press.
  • Pagter, Carl R. (Co-author) (1987). When You're Up to Your Ass in Alligators...: More Urban Folklore from the Paperwork Empire. Wayne State University Press.
  • (Ed.) (1989). Little Red Riding Hood: A Casebook. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • (Ed.) (1990). In Quest of the Hero. Princeton University Press.
  • (Ed.) (1991). Mother Wit from the Laughing Barrel: Readings in the Interpretation of Afro-American Folklore. University Press of Mississippi.
  • (1991) The Blood Libel Legend: A Casebook in Anti-Semitic Folklore. University of Wisconsin Press
  • (Ed.) (1992). The Evil Eye: A Casebook. University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Pagter, Carl R. (Co-author). (1992) Work Hard and You Shall Be Rewarded: Urban Folklore From the Paperwork Empire. ISBN 978-0814324325
  • (1993). Folklore Matters. University of Tennessee Press.
  • (Ed.) (1994). The Cockfight: A Casebook. University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Edmunds, Lowell (Co-ed.) (1995). Oedipus: A Folklore Casebook. University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Pagter, Carl R. (Co-Author) (1996). Sometimes the Dragon Wins: Yet More Urban Folklore from the Paperwork Empire. Syracuse University Press.
  • (Ed.) (1996). The Walled-Up Wife: A Casebook. University of Wisconsin Press.
  • (1997). From Game to War and Other Psychoanalytic Essays on Folklore. University of Kentucky Press.
  • (1997). Two Tales of Crow and Sparrow: A Freudian Folkloristic Essay on Caste and Untouchability. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • (Ed.) (1998). The Vampire: A Casebook. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Pagter, Carl R. (Co-author) (2000). Why Don't Sheep Shrink When It Rains?: A Further Collection of Photocopier Folklore. Syracuse University Press.
  • (1999). Holy Writ as Oral Lit: The Bible as Folklore. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
  • (2002). Bloody Mary in the Mirror: Essays in Psychoanalytic Folkloristics. University Press of Mississippi.
  • (2003). The Shabbat Elevator and Other Sabbath Subterfuges. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • (2003). Fables of the Ancients?: Folklore in the Qur'an. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • (2003). Parsing Through Customs: Essays by a Freudian Folklorist. The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • (2004). "As the Crow Flies: A Straightforward Study of Lineal Worldview in American Folk Speech".
  • (Ed.) (2005). Recollecting Freud. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Fox, Margalit (2005-04-02). "Alan Dundes, 70, Folklorist Who Studied Human Custom, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  2. 1 2 Burress, Charles (2005-04-02). "UC folklorist Dundes dies while teaching; His scholarship helped to create an academic discipline". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  3. ↑ Alan Dundes, The symbolic equivalence of allomotifs
  4. ↑ Alan Dundes, "From Etic to Emic Units in the Structural Study of Folktales", The Journal of American Folklore; Vol. 75, No. 296 (Apr. - Jun., 1962), pp. 95-105 JSTOR 538171
  5. ↑ Mieder, Wolfgang (2006). ""The Proof Of The Proverb Is In The Probing": Alan Dundes as Pioneering Paremiologist". Western Folklore (Summer 2006): 26–27. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  6. 1 2 3 Oliver, Myrna (2005-04-03). "Alan Dundes, 70; Folklorist Drew Laughs and Hostility". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  7. ↑ Dundes, Alan. "Life is Like a Chicken Coop Ladder", ISBN 0-8143-2038-4. Preface, p.vii: "An earlier version of this essay was presented in October, 1980 as the presidential address of the American Folklore Society at its annual meeting in Pittsburgh."
  8. ↑ The transcript of the speech was published in the Fall 2005 issue of the Journal of American Folklore (Vol. 118, No. 470).
  9. ↑ Stefanowitsch, Anatol (2012-03-02). No Shit!
  10. ↑ Hunter, D. Lyn (2000-04-19). "Professor Receives Unexpected Windfall From Former Student". Berkleyan. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
  11. ↑ Evans, Will (2000-05-05). "Million-dollar Teacher Awarded With Big Bucks". Daily Californian. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  12. ↑ Default page – Interview by Fleming [unverified]
  13. ↑ Movie format (.mov) Archived January 31, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. – Interview by Fleming [unverified]
  • "Alan Dundes, UC Berkeley professor and world expert in folklore studies, dies". American Folklore Society. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  • Burress, Charles (2005-04-02). "UC folklorist Dundes dies while teaching; His scholarship helped to create an academic discipline". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  • Fox, Margalit (2005-04-02). "Alan Dundes, 70, Folklorist Who Studied Human Custom, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  • Mieder, Wolfgang (2006). ""The Proof Of The Proverb Is In The Probing": Alan Dundes as Pioneering Paremiologist". Western Folklore (Summer 2006). Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  • Oliver, Myrna (2005-04-03). "Alan Dundes, 70; Folklorist Drew Laughs and Hostility". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
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