Airy beam

An Airy beam is a non-diffracting waveform which gives the appearance of curving as it travels.

Physical description

A cross section of an ideal Airy beam would reveal an area of principal intensity, with a series of adjacent, less luminous areas trailing off to infinity. In reality, the beam is truncated so as to have a finite composition.

As the beam propagates, it does not diffract, i.e., does not spread out. The Airy beam also has the characteristic of freely accelerating. As it propagates, it bends so as to form a parabolic arc.

History

The term "Airy beam" derives from the Airy integral, developed in the 1830s by Sir George Biddell Airy to explain optical caustics such as those appearing in a rainbow.[1]

The Airy waveform was first theorized in 1979 by M. V. Berry and Nándor L. Balázs. They demonstrated a nonspreading Airy wave packet solution to the Schrödinger equation.[2]

In 2007 researchers from the University of Central Florida (United States) were able to create and observe an Airy beam for the first time in both one- and two-dimensional configurations. The members of the team were Georgios Siviloglou, John Broky, Aristide Dogariu, and Demetrios Christodoulides.[3]

In one-dimension, the Airy beam is the only exactly shape-preserving accelerating solution to the free-particle Schrödinger equation (or 2D paraxial wave equation). However, in two dimensions (or 3D paraxial systems), two separable solutions are possible: two-dimensional Airy beams and accelerating parabolic beams.[4] Furthermore, it has been shown [5] that any function on the real line can be mapped to an accelerating beam with a different transverse shape.

In 2009 accelerating "Airy like" beams have been observed for the first time in non-linear systems by a joint team of Pavia University and L'Aquila University (Italy)[6] and again they have been investigated in 2011 and 2012 mainly by the teams of University of Central Florida.[7][8][9] Later, Airy beams have been demonstrated for other types of equations such as Helmholtz equation, Maxwell's equations.[10][11] Acceleration can also take place along a radial instead of a cartesian coordinate, which is the case of circular-Airy abruptly autofocusing waves [12] and their extension to arbitrary (nonparabolic) caustics.[13] Acceleration is possible even for non-homogeneous periodic systems.[14][15] With careful engineering of the input waveform, light can be made to accelerate along arbitrary trajectories in media that possess discrete [16] or continuous [17] periodicity.

Mathematical description

The potential free Schrödinger equation:

Has the following Airy accelerating solution:[18]

where

  • is the Airy function.
  • is the electric field envelope
  • represents a dimensionless traverse coordinate
  • is an arbitrary traverse scale
  • is a normalized propagation distance

This solution is non-diffracting in a parabolic accelerating frame. Actually one can perform a coordinate transformation and get an Airy equation. In the new coordinates the equation is solved by the Airy function.

Experimental observation

Georgios Sivilioglou, et al. successfully fabricated an Airy beam in 2007. A beam with a Gaussian distribution was modulated by a spatial light modulator to have an Airy distribution. The result was recorded by a CCD camera.[1][3]

Modified Airy beams

Attenuation-compensation

Beams may encounter losses as they travel through materials which will cause attenuation of the beam intensity. A property common to non-diffracting (or propagation-invariant) beams, such as the Airy beam and Bessel beam, is the ability to control the longitudinal intensity envelope of the beam without significantly altering the other characteristics of the beam. This can be used to create Airy beams which grow in intensity at they travel and can be used to counteract losses, therefore maintaining a beam of constant intensity as it propagates.[19][20] In temporal domain, an analogous modified dispersion-free Airy pulse was proposed and demonstrated in [21], designed to compensate media losses as it propagates through dispersive media.

Applications

Optical trapping and manipulation

Researchers at the University of St. Andrews have used Airy beams to manipulate small particles, moving them along curves and around corners. This may find use in fields such as microfluidic engineering and cell biology.[22]

(see also: Optical tweezers)

Imaging and microscopy

Researchers at the University of St. Andrews have further utilised Airy beams to make a large field of view (FOV) while maintaining high axial contrast in a light-sheet microscope.[23][24] This technique has been adapted to use multi-photon excitation[25] and attenuation-compensated Airy beams[26] to achieve imaging at greater depths within biological specimens.

Micro-machining

The accelerating and diffraction-free features of the Airy wavepacket have also been utilized by researchers at the University of Crete to produce two-dimensional, circular-Airy waves, termed abruptly-autofocusing beams.[12] These beams tend to focus in an abrupt fashion shortly before a target while maintaining a constant and low intensity profile along the propagated path and can be useful in laser microfabrication [27] or medical laser treatments.

See also

Notes and references

  1. 1 2 "Scientists make first observation of Airy optical beams"
  2. ↑ Berry, M. V.; Balázs, Nándor L. (1979). "Nonspreading wave packets". American Journal of Physics. 47 (3): 264–267. Bibcode:1979AmJPh..47..264B. doi:10.1119/1.11855.
  3. 1 2 Siviloglou, G. A.; Broky, J.; Dogariu, A.; Christodoulides, D. N. (2007). "Observation of Accelerating Airy Beams". Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (21): 213901. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..99u3901S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.213901.
  4. ↑ Bandres, M.A. (2008). "Accelerating parabolic beams". Opt. Lett. 33 (15): 1678–1680. Bibcode:2008OptL...33.1678B. doi:10.1364/OL.33.001678.
  5. ↑ Bandres, M. A. (2009). "Accelerating beams". Opt. Lett. 34 (24): 3791–3793. Bibcode:2009OptL...34.3791B. doi:10.1364/OL.34.003791.
  6. ↑ Parravicini, Jacopo; Minzioni, Paolo; Degiorgio, Vittorio; DelRe, Eugenio (15 December 2009). "Observation of nonlinear Airy-like beam evolution in lithium niobate". Optics Letters. 34 (24): 3908. Bibcode:2009OptL...34.3908P. doi:10.1364/OL.34.003908.
  7. ↑ Kaminer, Ido; Segev, Mordechai; Christodoulides, Demetrios N. (30 April 2011). "Self-Accelerating Self-Trapped Optical Beams" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 106 (21). Bibcode:2011PhRvL.106u3903K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.213903.
  8. ↑ Kaminer, Ido; Nemirovsky, Jonathan; Segev, Mordechai (1 August 2012). "Self-accelerating self-trapped nonlinear beams of Maxwell's equations" (PDF). Optics Express. 20 (17): 18827. Bibcode:2012OExpr..2018827K. doi:10.1364/OE.20.018827.
  9. ↑ Bekenstein, Rivka; Segev, Mordechai (7 November 2011). "Self-accelerating optical beams in highly nonlocal nonlinear media" (PDF). Optics Express. 19 (24): 23706. Bibcode:2011OExpr..1923706B. doi:10.1364/OE.19.023706.
  10. ↑ Kaminer, Ido; Bekenstein, Rivka; Nemirovsky, Jonathan; Segev, Mordechai (2012). "Nondiffracting accelerating wave packets of Maxwell's equations" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 108 (16): 163901. arXiv:1201.0300. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108p3901K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.163901. PMID 22680719.
  11. ↑ Courvoisier, F.; Mathis, A.; Froehly, L.; Giust, R.; Furfaro, L.; Lacourt, P. A.; Jacquot, M.; Dudley, J. M. (15 May 2012). "Sending femtosecond pulses in circles: highly nonparaxial accelerating beams". Optics Letters. 37 (10): 1736. arXiv:1202.3318. Bibcode:2012OptL...37.1736C. doi:10.1364/OL.37.001736.
  12. 1 2 Efremidis, Nikolaos; Christodoulides, Demetrios (2010). "Abruptly autofocusing waves". Optics Letters. 35 (23): 4045. Bibcode:2010OptL...35.4045E. doi:10.1364/OL.35.004045.
  13. ↑ Chremmos, Ioannis; Efremidis, Nikolaos; Christodoulides, Demetrios (2011). "Pre-engineered abruptly autofocusing beams". Optics Letters. 36 (10): 1890. Bibcode:2011OptL...36.1890C. doi:10.1364/OL.36.001890.
  14. ↑ El-Ganainy, Ramy; Makris, Konstantinos G.; Miri, Mohammad Ali; Christodoulides, Demetrios N.; Chen, Zhigang (31 July 2011). "Discrete beam acceleration in uniform waveguide arrays". Physical Review A. 84 (2). Bibcode:2011PhRvA..84b3842E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.84.023842.
  15. ↑ Kaminer, Ido; Nemirovsky, Jonathan; Makris, Konstantinos G.; Segev, Mordechai (3 April 2013). "Self-accelerating beams in photonic crystals" (PDF). Optics Express. 21 (7): 8886. Bibcode:2013OExpr..21.8886K. doi:10.1364/OE.21.008886. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
  16. ↑ Efremidis, Nikolaos; Chremmos, Ioannis (2012). "Caustic design in periodic lattices". Optics Letters. 37 (7): 1277. Bibcode:2012OptL...37.1277E. doi:10.1364/OL.37.001277.
  17. ↑ Chremmos, Ioannis; Efremidis, Nikolaos (2012). "Band-specific phase engineering for curving and focusing light in waveguide arrays". Physical Review A. 85 (063830). Bibcode:2012PhRvA..85f3830C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.85.063830.
  18. ↑ "Observation of Accelerating Airy Beams"
  19. ↑ Schley, Ran; Kaminer, Ido; Greenfield, Elad; Bekenstein, Rivka; Lumer, Yaakov; Segev, Mordechai (2014). "Loss-proof self-accelerating beams and their use in non-paraxial manipulation of particles' trajectories". Nature Communications. 5: 5189. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5E5189S. doi:10.1038/ncomms6189.
  20. ↑ Preciado, Miguel A.; Dholakia, Kishan; Mazilu, Michael (2014-08-15). "Generation of attenuation-compensating Airy beams". Optics Letters. 39 (16): 4950–4953. Bibcode:2014OptL...39.4950P. doi:10.1364/ol.39.004950.
  21. ↑ Preciado, Miguel A.; Sugden, Miguel (2012-12-01). "Proposal and design of Airy-based rocket pulses for invariant propagation in lossy dispersive media". Optics Letters. 37 (23): 4970–4972. Bibcode:2012OptL...37.4970P. doi:10.1364/OL.37.004970.
  22. ↑ "Light throws a curve ball"
  23. ↑ Vettenburg, Tom; Dalgarno, Heather I C; Nylk, Jonathan; Coll-Lladó, Clara; Ferrier, David E K; Čižmár, Tomáš; Gunn-Moore, Frank J; Dholakia, Kishan. "Light-sheet microscopy using an Airy beam". Nature Methods. 11 (5): 541–544. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2922.
  24. ↑ "Imaging turns a corner"
  25. ↑ Piksarv, Peeter; Marti, Dominik; Le, Tuan; Unterhuber, Angelika; Forbes, Lindsay H.; Andrews, Melissa R. Andrews; Stingl, Andreas; Drexler, Wolfgang; Andersen, Peter E. (2017). "Integrated single- and two-photon light sheet microscopy using accelerating beams". Scientific Reports. 7: 1435. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.1435P. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01543-4.
  26. ↑ Nylk, Jonathan; McCluskey, Kaley; Preciado, Miguel A.; Mazilu, Michael; Yang, Zhengyi; Gunn-Moore, Frank J.; Aggarwal, Sanya; Tello, Javier A.; Ferrier, David E. K. (2018-04-01). "Light-sheet microscopy with attenuation-compensated propagation-invariant beams". Science Advances. 4 (4): eaar4817. arXiv:1708.02612. Bibcode:2018SciA....4R4817N. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar4817.
  27. ↑ Papazoglou, Dimitrios; Efremidis, Nikolaos; Christodoulides, Demetrios; Tzortzakis, Stelios (2011). "Observation of abruptly autofocusing waves". Optics Letters. 36 (10): 1842. Bibcode:2011OptL...36.1842P. doi:10.1364/OL.36.001842.
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