Ai (poet)

Ai
Born Florence Anthony
October 21, 1947
Albany, Texas, United States
Died March 20, 2010 (aged 62)
Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
Occupation Poet
Nationality American
Genre Contemporary American Literature
Literary movement none
Notable works Vice (1999)
Notable awards National Book Award
1999

Ai Ogawa (October 21, 1947 – March 20, 2010),[1][2][3][4] born as Florence Anthony, was an American poet and educator. She won the 1999 National Book Award for Poetry for Vice: New and Selected Poems.[5] Ai is known for her mastery of the dramatic monologue as a poetic form, as well as for taking on dark, controversial topics in her work.[6] About writing in the dramatic monologue form, she's said: "I want to take the narrative 'persona' poem as far as I can, and I've never been one to do things in halves. All the way or nothing. I won't abandon that desire." [7]

Early life

Ai, who described herself as 1/2 Japanese, 1/8 Choctaw-Chickasaw,1/4 Black,1/16 Irish, and Southern Cheyenne, and Comanche, was born in Albany, Texas[1][2][3][4][8][9] in 1947, and she grew up in Tucson, Arizona. She was also raised in Los Angeles, Las Vegas, and San Francisco, with her mother and second stepfather, Sutton Haynes. In 1959, a couple of years after her mother's divorce from Hayes, they moved back to Tucson, Arizona where she completed high school and attended college at the University of Arizona, where she majored in English and Oriental Studies with a concentration in Japanese and a minor in Creative Writing, to which she would fully commit toward the end of her degree.[10] Before starting college, one night during dinner with her mother and third stepfather, Ai learned her biological father was Japanese. Known as Florence Hayes throughout her childhood and undergrad years, it was not until graduate school, when Ai was going to switch her last name back to Anthony that her mother finally told her more details about her past, learning that she had an affair with a Japanese man, Michael Ogawa, after meeting him at a streetcar stop. Learning of the affair had led Ai's first stepfather, whose last name was "Anthony," to beat her mother until family intervened and she was taken to Texas, where her stepfather eventually followed after Ai's birth. Because her mother was still legally married to Anthony at the time, his last name was put on Ai's birth certificate.[11]

The poverty Ai experienced during her childhood affected her and her writing.[12] Ai credits her first writing experience to an assignment in her Catholic school English class to write a letter from the perspective of a martyr. Two years after that experience, she began actively writing at the age of 14.[10] History had been one of her many interests since high school.[11]

Career

From 1969 to 1971, Ai attended the University of California at Irvine's M.F.A program where she worked under the likes of Charles Wright and Donald Justice.[10][11] She is the author of No Surrender, (2010), which was posthumously published after her death, Dread (W. W. Norton & Co., 2003); Vice (1999), which won the National Book Award;[5] Greed (1993); Fate (1991); Sin (1986), which won an American Book Award from the Before Columbus Foundation; Killing Floor (1979), which was the 1978 Lamont Poetry Selection of the Academy of American Poets; and Cruelty (1973).

She also received awards from the Guggenheim Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Bunting Fellowship Program at Radcliffe College and from various universities. She was a visiting instructor at Binghamton University, State University of New York for the 1973-74 academic year. After winning the National Book Award for Vice she became a tenured professor and the vice president of the Native American Faculty and Staff Association at Oklahoma State University and lived in Stillwater, Oklahoma until her death.[13][14]

Literary views

Ai had considered herself as "simply a writer" rather than a spokesperson for any particular group.[15] About her own poetry in an interview with Lawrence Kearney and Michael Cuddihy in 1978, she emphasized that there are no "confessional" or autobiographical elements in her work. However, in an interview with Okla Elliott in 2003 after the publication of Dread, she stated that some of the poems and characters in that book are "fictionalized versions" of her family history and that her multi-racial background and interest in history has had a strong influence on her work in this particular collection.[16]

While her work often contains sex, violence, and other controversial subjects, she told Kearney and Cuddihy during that 1978 interview that she did not view her use of them as gratuitous. About the poems in her first collection, Cruelty, she said: "I wanted people to see how they treated each other and themselves." She noted that the difference between the poems in Cruelty and those in Killing Floor is that they deal with her character's whole life rather than a single episode. She described her purpose for writing as "trying to integrate [her] life emotionally and spiritually." [7]

About contemporary American poetry and her own risk-taking in her work she said: "Perhaps there's a fear of revealing too much emotion in American poetry, despite the go-ahead of a sort from confessional poetry. At any rate, I think that that is my goal—I mean I never want to say 'I have plenty of heart,' but I want to be able to say whatever I feel without fear or embarrassment." [7]

Name change

In 1973, she legally changed her last name to Ogawa and her middle name to "Ai" (愛), which translates to "love" in Japanese, a pen name she had been using since 1969.[11]

Death

Ai was checked into the hospital on March 17, 2010 for pneumonia. Three days later, Ai died on March 20, 2010 at age 62, in Stillwater, Oklahoma[17] from complications of stage 4 breast cancer.[18][19]

Selected works

Poetry collections

  • Cruelty, Perseus Books Group, 1973, ISBN 9780938410386
  • Killing Floor, Houghton Mifflin, 1979, ISBN 9780395275900
  • Sin, Houghton Mifflin, 1986, ISBN 9780395379073
  • Fate, Houghton Mifflin, 1991, ISBN 9780395556375
  • Greed, 1993
  • Vice: New and Selected Poems, Norton, 1999, ISBN 9780393047059 — winner of the National Book Award[5]
  • Dread: Poems, W.W. Norton, 2003, ISBN 9780393041439
  • Why Can't I Leave You?
  • No Surrender. W. W. Norton & Company. 2010. ISBN 9780393078862.
  • The Collected Poems of Ai. W. W. Norton & Company. 2013. p. 448. ISBN 9780393089202.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Ai." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Gale Biography In Context. Web. Retrieved 2011-03-26.
  2. 1 2 "Ai." Contemporary Women Poets. Gale, 1998. Gale Biography In Context. Web. Retrieved 2011-03-26.
  3. 1 2 "Ai." Contemporary Poets. Gale, 2001. Gale Biography In Context. Web. Retrieved 2011-03-26.
  4. 1 2 Obituary The New York Times, March 28, 2010; page A26.
  5. 1 2 3 "National Book Awards – 1999". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
    (With acceptance speech by Ai and essay by Dilruba Ahmed from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.)
  6. ↑
  7. 1 2 3 http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/ai/kearney.htm
  8. ↑ Fox, Margalit (2010-03-27). "Ai, an Unflinching Poetic Channel of Hard Lives, Dies at 62". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  9. ↑ "University of Arizona Poetry Center". poetrycenter.arizona.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-01-16. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  10. 1 2 3 "AWP: Writer's Chronicle Features Archive". www.awpwriter.org. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  11. ↑ "Ai Interviewd by Lawrence Kearney and Michael Cuddihy". www.english.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  12. ↑ "Ai Ogawa's Obituary on Oklahoman". Oklahoman. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  13. ↑ NewsPress, Sean Hubbard -. "Indian Nations insights". Stillwater News Press. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  14. ↑ "Ai," American Poetry Observed, edited by Joe David Bellamy. University of Illinois Press: Urbana, 1984, pp. 1-8; quoted statement is on page 5.
  15. ↑ http://archive.thepedestalmagazine.com/gallery.php?item=738
  16. ↑ Fox, Margalit (2010-03-27). "Ai, an Unflinching Poetic Channel of Hard Lives, Dies at 62". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  17. ↑ "Contributor Spotlight: Carolyne Wright Remembers Poet Ai". HAYDEN'S FERRY REVIEW. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  18. ↑ Fox, Margalit (2010-03-27). "Ai, an Unflinching Poetic Channel of Hard Lives, Dies at 62". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
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