Activation product
Activation products are materials made radioactive by neutron activation.
Fission products and actinides produced by neutron absorption of nuclear fuel itself are normally referred to by those specific names, and activation product reserved for products of neutron capture by other materials, such as structural components of the nuclear reactor or nuclear bomb, the reactor coolant, control rods or other neutron poisons, or materials in the environment. All of these, however, need to be handled as radioactive waste. Some nuclides originate in more than one way, as activation products or fission products.
Activation products in a reactor's primary coolant loop are a main reason reactors use a chain of two or even three coolant loops linked by heat exchangers.
Fusion reactors will not produce radioactive waste from the fusion product nuclei themselves, which are normally just helium-4, but generate high neutron fluxes, so activation products are a particular concern.
Activation product radionuclides include:
| Nuclide | Half-life | Decay mode | branching fraction | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 1H | 12.312 ± 0.025 y | β− | 1.0 | LNHB | |
| 10 4Be | ( 1.51 ± 0.06 ) x 106 y | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 14 6C | ( 5.7 ± 0.03 ) x 103 y | β− | 1.0 | LNHB | |
| 15 6C | 2.449 ± 0.005 s | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 16 7N | 7.13 ± 0.02 s | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 19 8O | 26.88 ± 0.05 s | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 22 11Na | 950.57 ± 0.23 d | EC | 0.1011 ± 0.0002a | IAEA-CRP-XG | [1] |
| β+ | 0.8989 ± 0.0002a | ||||
| 24 11Na | 0.62329 ± 0.00006 d | β− | 1.0 | IAEA-CRP-XG | |
| 27 12Mg | 9.458 ± 0.012 m | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 26 13Al | ( 7.17 ± 0.24 ) x 105 y | EC | 0.1825 ± 0.0023b | LNHB | [2] |
| β+ | 0.8175 ± 0.0023b | ||||
| 35 16S | 87.32 ± 0.16 d | β− | 1.0 | LNHB | |
| 36 17Cl | ( 0.01 ± 0.03 ) x 105 y | EC | 0.019 ± 0.001 | LNHB | |
| β− | 0.981 ± 0.001 | ||||
| 39 18Ar | 269 ± 3 y | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 41 18Ar | 109.61 ± 0.04 m | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 40 19K | ( 4.563 ± 0.013 ) x 1011 d | EC | 0.1086 ± 0.0013a | IAEA-CRP-XG | [1] |
| β− | 0.8914 ± 0.0013a | ||||
| 42 19K | 12.36 ± 0.012 h | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 41 20Ca | ( 1.02 ± 0.07 ) x 105 y | EC | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 45 20Ca | 162.61 ± 0.09 d | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 47 21Sc | 3.3492 ± 0.0006 d | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 48 21Sc | 43.67 ± 0.09 h | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 51 24Cr | 27.7009 ± 0.002 d | EC | 1.0 | IAEA-CRP-XG | |
| 54 25Mn | 312.29 ± 0.26 d | EC | 1.0 | IAEA-CRP-XG | |
| 56 25Mn | 0.107449 ± 0.000019 d | β− | 1.0 | IAEA-CRP-XG | |
| 55 26Fe | ( 1.0027 ± 0.0023 ) x 103 d | EC | 1.0 | IAEA-CRP-XG | |
| 59 26Fe | 44.494 ± 0.013 d | β− | 1.0 | IAEA-CRP-XG | |
| 57 27Co | 271.8 ± 0.05 d | EC | 1.0 | IAEA-CRP-XG | |
| 58 27Co | 70.86 ± 0.06 d | β+ | 0.15 ± 0.0020a | IAEA-CRP-XG | [1] |
| EC | 0.85 ± 0.0020a | ||||
| 60 27Co | ( 1.92523 ± 0.00027 ) x 103 d | β− | 1.0 | IAEA-CRP-XG | |
| 59 28Ni | ( 7.6 ± 0.5 ) x 104 y | EC | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 63 28Ni | 98.7 ± 2.4 y | β− | 1.0 | LNHB | |
| 65 28Ni | 2.51719 ± 0.00026 h | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 64 29Cu | 0.52929 ± 0.00018 d | β+ | 0.179 ± 0.002a | IAEA-CRP-XG | [1] |
| β− | 0.39 ± 0.003a | ||||
| EC | 0.431 ± 0.005a | ||||
| 66 29Cu | 5.12 ± 0.014 m | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 65 30Zn | 243.86 ± 0.2 d | β+ | 0.0142 ± 0.0001a | IAEA-CRP-XG | [1] |
| EC | 0.9858 ± 0.0001a | ||||
| 93m 41Nb | ( 5.73 ± 0.22 ) x 103 d | IT | 1.0 | IAEA-CRP-XG | |
| 93 42Mo | ( 4.0 ± 0.8 ) x 103 y | EC | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 99m 43Tc | 0.250281 ± 0.000022 d | β− | 0.000037 ± 0.000006a | IAEA-CRP-XG | [1] |
| IT | 0.999963 ± 0.000006a | ||||
| 110m 47Ag | 249.85 ± 0.1 d | IT | 0.0136 ± 0.0008a | IAEA-CRP-XG | [1] |
| β− | 0.9864 ± 0.0008a | ||||
| 115m 49In | 4.486 ± 0.004 h | β− | 0.05 ± 0.008 | ENSDF | |
| IT | 0.95 ± 0.008 | ||||
| 126 53I | 12.93 ± 0.05 d | β− | 0.473 ± 0.006 | ENSDF | |
| EC | 0.527 ± 0.006 | ||||
| 175 72Hf | 70 ± 2 d | EC | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 181 72Hf | 42.39 ± 0.06 d | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 182 73Ta | 114.43 ± 0.04 d | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 181 74W | 121.2 ± 0.2 d | EC | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 185 74W | 75.1 ± 0.3 d | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 187 74W | 23.72 ± 0.06 h | β− | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 198 79Au | 2.695 ± 0.0007 d | β− | 1.0 | IAEA-CRP-XG | |
| 197 80Hg | 64.14 ± 0.05 h | EC | 1.0 | ENSDF | |
| 203 80Hg | 46.594 ± 0.012 d | β− | 1.0 | IAEA-CRP-XG |
| LNHB | Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, Recommended Data, http://www.nucleide.org/DDEP_WG/DDEPdata.htm, 5 June 2008. |
| IAEA-CRP-XG | M.-M. Bé, V.P. Chechev, R. Dersch, O.A.M. Helene, R.G. Helmer, M. Herman, S. Hlav ác, A. Marcinkowski, G.L. Molnár, A.L. Nichols, E. Schönfeld, V.R. Vanin, M.J. Woods, IAEA CRP "Update of X Ray and Gamma Ray Decay Data Standards for Detector Calibration and Other Applications", IAEA Scientific and Technical Information report STI/PUB/1287, May 2007, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, ISBN 92-0-113606-4. |
| ENSDF | Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File, http://www-nds.iaea.org/ensdf/, 5 June 2008. |
[1] Branching fractions from LNHB database.
[2] Branching fractions renormalised to sum to 1.0..
References
- ↑ "Half-lives and decay branching fractions for activation products". www-nds.iaea.org. IAEA. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
External links
- Handbook on Nuclear Activation Cross-Sections, IAEA, 1974
- Nuclear Structure and Decay Databases (nndc.bnl.gov)
- New and revised half-life measurements results made by the Radioactivity Group of NIST
- HANDBOOK OF NUCLEAR DATA FOR SAFEGUARDS: DATABASE EXTENSIONS, AUGUST 2008