Accretion model of Neanderthal origins

In Palaeoanthropology, the accretion model^[1]^:4 is a theory for the appearance of Neanderthals. It suggests that those traits characteristically Neanderthal appeared gradually (accreted) over hundreds of thousands of years, rather than abruptly.^[1] First proposed by Piveteau (1970), it was developed by Vandermeersch (1978)^[2] and Jean-Jacques Hublin (1982,^[3] 1986,^[4] 1998,^[5] 2009a,b).^[6]^[7]

The model proposes four descriptive stages for the appearance of Neanderthal characteristics.^[7] According to those that defined the stages, these likely just reflect the discontinuity of the fossil record. For example, no specimen dates to OIS 8 (300–243 ka), so this gap serves to separate stages 2 and 3.^[7]

Stage	Name	Date	Traits (among others)^[7]	Includes
Stage 1	Early pre-Neanderthals	OIS 12 and before To 424 ka	Wide occipital torus.	Arago (left, male) Petralona (right, male) Mauer 1
Stage 2	Pre-Neanderthals	OIS 11 to 9 424 – 300 ka	Protruding occipital torus. Incipient occipital bun. Increased occipital plane convexity. Incipient to well-defined suprainiac fossa.	Atapuerca 5 (left, male) Steinheim 1 (right, female)
Stage 3	Early Neanderthals	OIS 7 to 5 243 – 71 ka	Full occipital bun. Pronounced occipital plane convexity. Elongated skull in the front-back direction.	Saccopastore 1 (left, female) Krapina 3 (right, female) Shanidar 2 and 4
Stage 4	Classic Neanderthals	OIS 4 and 3 71 – 40 ka	Orbits of the eyes become rounded. Nose cavity becomes larger. Exaggerated occipital plane convexity. Exaggerated suprainiac fossa. Pronounced mid-facial prognathism.	La Chapelle 1 (left, male) Gibraltar 1 (right, female) La Ferrassie 1

References

1 2 B. Wood, ed. (2013). Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-65099-8.
↑ "Étude préliminaire du crâne humain du gisement paléolithique de Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais)". Bulletin de l'Association française pour l'étude du Quaternaire. 54-56. 1978. pp. 65–67.
↑ J.-J. Hublin (1982). "The myth of the European presapiens". Anthropos. 9 (16).
↑ J.-J. Hublin (1986). "Some comments on the diagnostic features of Homo erectus". Anthropos (23). pp. 175–87.
↑ J.-J. Hublin (1998). "Climatic changes, paleogeography, and the evolution of the Neandertals". In T. Akazawa; K. Aoki; O. Bar-Yosef. Neanderthals and modern humans in western Asia. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 295–310.
↑ J.-J. Hublin (2009). "The origin of Neandertals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 106 (38). pp. 16022–27. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904119106.
1 2 3 4 D. Dean; J.-J. Hublin; R. Holloway; R. Ziegler (1998). "On the phylogenetic position of the pre-Neandertal specimen from Reilingen, Germany". Journal of Human Evolution. 34 (5). pp. 485–508. doi:10.1006/jhev.1998.0214.

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[Wood2013-1] 1 2 B. Wood, ed. (2013). Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-65099-8.

[2] "Étude préliminaire du crâne humain du gisement paléolithique de Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais)". Bulletin de l'Association française pour l'étude du Quaternaire. 54-56. 1978. pp. 65–67.

[3] J.-J. Hublin (1982). "The myth of the European presapiens". Anthropos. 9 (16).

[4] J.-J. Hublin (1986). "Some comments on the diagnostic features of Homo erectus". Anthropos (23). pp. 175–87.

[5] J.-J. Hublin (1998). "Climatic changes, paleogeography, and the evolution of the Neandertals". In T. Akazawa; K. Aoki; O. Bar-Yosef. Neanderthals and modern humans in western Asia. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 295–310.

[6] J.-J. Hublin (2009). "The origin of Neandertals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 106 (38). pp. 16022–27. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904119106.

[Dean2009-7] 1 2 3 4 D. Dean; J.-J. Hublin; R. Holloway; R. Ziegler (1998). "On the phylogenetic position of the pre-Neandertal specimen from Reilingen, Germany". Journal of Human Evolution. 34 (5). pp. 485–508. doi:10.1006/jhev.1998.0214.