A Pastoral Symphony

Ralph Vaughan Williams' Symphony No. 3, published as A Pastoral Symphony and not numbered until later, was completed in 1922. Vaughan Williams' initial inspiration to write this symphony came during World War I after hearing a bugler practising and accidentally playing an interval of a seventh instead of an octave;[1] this ultimately led to the trumpet cadenza in the second movement.

The work is among the least performed of Vaughan Williams' symphonies, but it has gained the reputation of being a subtly beautiful elegy for the dead of World War I and a meditation on the sounds of peace. Like many of the composer's works, the Pastoral Symphony is not programmatic, but its spirit is very evocative. None of the movements are particularly fast or upbeat (the composer himself described it as "four movements, all of them slow"), but there are isolated extroverted sections.

It was first performed in London on 16 January 1922, with Adrian Boult conducting.[2]

The symphony was dismissed by Constant Lambert, who wrote that its "creation of a particular type of grey, reflective, English-landscape mood has outweighed the exigencies of symphonic form".[3] Peter Warlock's often-quoted comment that "it is all just a little too much like a cow looking over a gate" was in fact a comment on Vaughan Williams' style in general, and was not aimed specifically at A Pastoral Symphony, which he on the contrary described as "a truly splendid work" and "the best English orchestral music of this century".[4] Vaughan Williams emphasized, however, that the work is "not really Lambkins frisking at all as most people take for granted"[5] (i.e., English pastoral scenery); its reference is to the fields of France during World War I, where the composer served in the Royal Army Medical Corps.

Structure

The symphony is in four movements:

  1. Molto moderato
     { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \relative c' { \clef bass \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \tempo "Molto moderato" 4 = 80 r <g d b>\p( <d' a f>4. <e b g>8 | \time 3/4 <d a f>2) } \new Staff \relative c { \clef bass \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 r4 <g d g,> <d' a f d>4. <e b g e>8 | \time 3/4 <d a f d>2 } >> }
     \relative c''' { \clef treble \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \tempo "Poco tranquillo" \partial 4*1 d\p~( | \times 2/3 { d8 c d) } g,4~ g8 f( d f) | g4.( d8) \times 2/3 { c8( bes c } g4~ | g8 f g c,) }
  2. Lento moderato – Moderato maestoso – the slow movement opens with an F-major natural-horn solo above an F-minor chord, a theme that is developed by a solo cello.
     { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \relative c' { \clef treble \time 3/4 \tempo "Lento moderato" 4 = 70 R2. \times 2/3 {c8\p( d a' } g4. e8 | d c d e g4~ | g8 e g4. e8) } \new Staff \relative c' { \clef bass \time 3/4 <aes f c f,>2.~\pp <aes f c f,>2.~ | <aes f c f,>2 <aes f c f,>4~ | <aes f c f,>2. } >> }
    Just as in the first movement, the ideas flow gently from one to the next, ultimately leading to the trumpet cadenza. Here, the instrument is in effect a natural trumpet (a trumpet without valves) in E, since the player is instructed not to use the valves. As a result, the seventh harmonic is played instead of the ordinary minor seventh, and so it sounds slightly out-of-tune with its nearest equivalent in 12-tone equal temperament.
     \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \relative c'' { \clef treble \cadenzaOn ees4. ees,8-- bes'--[ ees--] des4~( \times 2/3 { des8[ bes ees] } \times 2/3 { des[ bes ees] } des4) }
    The entire cadenza is played over a pedal note in the strings. The cadenza material later reappears on the natural horn in F, gently accompanied by a returning theme now played on the cor anglais.[6] The movement ends with a quiet chord in the violins' high register.
  3. Moderato pesante – Vaughan Williams described this movement, the symphony's scherzo function, as a "slow dance".
     { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \relative c' { \clef bass \key g \minor \time 3/4 \tempo "Moderato pesante" 4 = 80 r4 r8 <c a g ees>(\f <d bes g f>) <d bes g f>-- | <g, d>4. <c a g ees>8(\f <d bes g f>) <d bes g f>-- | <g, f d>4. s } \new Staff \relative c { \clef bass \key g \minor \time 3/4 \times 2/3 { c8( d) d-- } g,2 | \times 2/3 { c8( d) d-- } g,2 | \times 2/3 { c8( d) d-- } g,2 } >> }
    The trio, introduced by the brass section, has a quicker, brighter quality but retains some of the heaviness of the earlier music.
     \relative c'' { \clef treble \key g \major \time 3/4 \tempo "Più  mosso" g4.\ff( a8) f4-- | g( d') d-- | c-- b-- a-- | g2( d4) }
    After the shortened return of the main material there is a coda with some fugal writing. This is the only time truly fast music appears in the symphony. A theme from the main section of the movement creeps into this fugue. The movement ends in a major chord.
  4. Lento – the final movement returns to the contemplative manner of the first two movements, and functions as a summing-up and coda to the rest of the symphony.[7] It begins with a pentatonic passage for a wordless soprano voice (silent until this point), sung over a soft drumroll.
     \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \relative c'' { \clef treble \key f \major \cadenzaOn r8 a4(--_"senza misura" a-- a8-- a[ g e] a4~ a8[ c a] a[ g f] a2) }
    The orchestra then begins an elegiac rhapsody. The high point of the symphony comes when the violins all state the opening soprano melody appassionato. At the very end of the symphony, the soprano returns to sing the music into silence.

Instrumentation

A typical performance of the symphony lasts about 35 minutes. It is scored for a large orchestra including: 3 flutes (3rd doubling on piccolo), 2 oboes, cor anglais, 3 clarinets (in B and A; 3rd doubling on bass clarinet), 2 bassoons, 4 horns (in F), 3 trumpets (in C, 1 doubling on natural trumpet in E), 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, triangle, cymbals, bass drum, celesta, harp, and strings, plus a wordless soprano in the 4th movement.

Recordings

The symphony has been recorded 15 times:

  1. Boult—Ritchie (sop)—LPO—Decca LXT 2787 (Kingsway Hall, 12–13 December 1953)
  2. Boult—Hill (sop)—BBC SO—(+ Symphony No. 6). Carlton BBC Radio Classics 15656 91642 (12 December 1966)
  3. Boult—Price-M (sop)—New Philharmonia—(+ In the Fen Country). HMV ASD 2393 (Kingsway Hall, 14–16 February 1968)
  4. Previn—Heather Harper (sop)—LSO—(+ Tuba Concerto). RCA Red Seal SB 6861 (Kingsway Hall, 6–9 January 1971)
  5. Thomson—Kenny (sop)—LSO—(+ Oboe Concerto). Chandos CHAN 8594 (St Jude-on-the-Hill, Hampstead, 27–28 November 1987)
  6. Rozhdestvensky—Dof-Donskaya (sop)—USSR StSO—(+ Symphony No. 4). Melodiya CD 10-02170-3 (Philharmonia Building, Leningrad, 3 May 1988)
  7. Handley — Barlow (sop)—RLPO—(+ Symphony No. 4). EMI Eminence CD EMX 2192 (Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool, 8–9 March 1991)
  8. Slatkin—Hohenfeld (sop)—Philharmonia—(+ Symphony No. 4 + Fantasia on "Greensleeves"). RCA Victor Red Seal 09026-61194-2 (Watford Town Hall, 7–8 June 1991)
  9. Bakels—Rozario (sop)—Bournemouth SO—(+ Symphony No. 6). Naxos 8.550733 (Poole Arts Centre, 12 November 1992)
  10. Davis-A—Rozario (sop)—BBC SO—(+ Sinfonia antartica). Teldec 0630-13139-2 (St Augustine’s Church, London, March 1996)
  11. Haitink—Roocroft (sop)—LPO—(+ Symphony No. 4). EMI CD 5 56564 2 (Colosseum, Watford, December 1996)
  12. Norrington—Mannion (sop)—LPO—(+ Symphony No. 5). Decca 458 357-2 (Colosseum, Watford, September 1997)
  13. Hickox—Evans-R (sop)—LSO—(+ Norfolk Rhapsody No. 1 in E minor + Norfolk Rhapsody 2 in D minor + The Running Set). Chandos CHAN 10001 (All Saints Church, Tooting, 16–18 January 2002)
  14. Elder—Fox (sop)—The Hallé—(+ Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis + Five Variants of "Dives and Lazarus" + Overture to The Wasps). Hallé CD HLL 7540 (Hallé St Peter’s, Ancoats, 9–10 September 2013)
  15. Manze—Staples (tenor)—Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra—(+ Symphony No. 4). Onyx 4161 (Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool, 5–7 May 2016)

Notes

  1. Michael Kennedy, The Works of Ralph Vaughan Williams, 1964, pp. 170–71.
  2. Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th ed., 1954, Vaughan Williams: Catalogue of Works, Vol. VIII, p. 704
  3. Lambert Music Ho!, p. 107
  4. See Barry Smith's biography of Warlock, pp. 115 & 258
  5. Letter to Ursula Wood, 4 October 1938 (Vaughan Williams, Letters, p. 265.
  6. Howells, p. 128.
  7. Howells, p. 130.

References

  • Howells, Herbert. "Vaughan Williams's 'Pastoral' Symphony". Music & Letters 3, no. 2 (April 1922): 122–32.
  • Kennedy, Michael. The Works of Ralph Vaughan Williams. London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1964. ISBN 978-0-19-315410-0. New edition, London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0-19-315453-7 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-19-315454-4. First edition reprinted Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-19-816330-5.
  • Lambert, Constant. Music Ho!. London: Penguin Books, 1948.
  • Smith, Barry. Peter Warlock: The Life of Philip Heseltine. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-19-816310-7.
  • Vaughan Williams, Ralph. Letters of Ralph Vaughan Williams 1895–1958, edited by Hugh Cobbe. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-925797-3 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-19-958764-3 (pbk).
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