A-type main-sequence star

An artist's impression of Sirius A and Sirius B, a binary star system. Sirius A, an A-type main-sequence star, is the larger of the two.

An A-type main-sequence star (A V) or A dwarf star is a main-sequence (hydrogen-burning) star of spectral type A and luminosity class V. These stars have spectra which are defined by strong hydrogen Balmer absorption lines.[1][2] They have masses from 1.4 to 2.1 times the mass of the Sun and surface temperatures between 7600 and 11 500  K.[3] Bright and nearby examples are Altair (A7 V), Sirius A (A1 V), and Vega (A0 V).[4] A-type stars are fully radiative and thus are not expected to harbor a magnetic dynamo. As a consequence, because they do not have strong stellar winds they lack a means to generate X-ray emission.[5]

Spectral Standard Stars

Typical characteristics[6]
Stellar
Class		 Mass
(M☉)		 Radius
(R☉)		 Mv Teff
(K)
A0V2.401.870.79727
A2V2.191.781.38820
A5V1.861.692.07880
A6V1.801.662.17672
A7V1.741.632.37483
A8V1.661.602.47305
A9V1.621.552.57112

The revised Yerkes Atlas system[7] listed a dense grid of A-type dwarf spectral standard stars, but not all of these have survived to this day as standards. The "anchor points" and "dagger standards" of the MK spectral classification system among the A-type main-sequence dwarf stars, i.e. those standard stars that have remain unchanged over years and can be considered to define the system, are Vega (A0 V), Gamma Ursae Majoris (A0 V), and Fomalhaut (A3 V).[8][9] The seminal review of MK classification by Morgan & Keenan (1973)[9] did not provide any dagger standards between types A3 V and F2 V. HD 23886 was suggested as an A5 V standard in 1978.[10] Richard Gray & Robert Garrison provided the most recent contributions to the A dwarf spectral sequence in a pair of papers in 1987[11] and 1989.[12] They list an assortment of fast- and slow-rotating A-type dwarf spectral standards, including HD 45320 (A1 V), HD 88955 (A2 V), 2 Hydri (A7 V), 21 Leonis Minoris (A7 V), and 44 Ceti (A9 V). Besides the MK standards provided in Morgan's papers and the Gray & Garrison papers, one also occasionally sees Delta Leonis (A4 V) listed as a standard. There are no published A6 V and A8 V standard stars.

The Morgan-Keenan spectral classification

Planets

A-type stars are young (typically few hundred million years) and many emit infrared radiation beyond what would be expected from the star alone. This IR excess is attributable to dust emission from a debris disk where planets form.[13] Surveys indicate massive planets commonly form around A-type stars although these planets are difficult to detect using the Doppler spectroscopy method. This is because A-type stars typically rotate very quickly, which makes it very difficult to measure the small Doppler shifts induced by orbiting planets since the spectral lines are very broad. However, this type of massive star eventually evolves into a cooler red giant which rotates more slowly and thus can be measured using the radial velocity method. As of early 2011 about 30 Jupiter class planets have been found around evolved K-giant stars including Pollux, Gamma Cephei and Iota Draconis. Doppler surveys around a wide variety of stars indicate about 1 in 6 stars having twice the mass of the Sun are orbited by one or more Jupiter-sized planets, vs. 1 in 16 for Sun-like stars. [14]

A-type stars known to have planets include Fomalhaut, HD 15082, Beta Pictoris and HD 95086 b.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Stellar Spectral Types, entry at hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, accessed on line June 19, 2007.
  2. ↑ "An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics" by B.W Caroll and D.A Ostlie 1996 edition, chapter 8
  3. ↑ Empirical bolometric corrections for the main-sequence, G. M. H. J. Habets and J. R. W. Heintze, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement 46 (November 1981), pp. 193–237, Tables VII and VIII.
  4. ↑ SIMBAD, entries on Sirius A and Vega, accessed June 19, 2007.
  5. ↑ Schröder, C.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (November 2007), "X-ray emission from A-type stars", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 475 (2): 677–684, Bibcode:2007A&A...475..677S, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077429.
  6. ↑ Adelman, S. J. (2005). "The physical properties of normal a stars". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 2004. doi:10.1017/S1743921304004314.
  7. ↑ Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas H.L. Johnson & W.W. Morgan, 1953, Astrophysical Journal, 117, 313
  8. ↑ MK ANCHOR POINTS, Robert F. Garrison
  9. 1 2 Spectral Classification, W.W. Morgan & P.C. Keenan, 1973, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 11, p.29
  10. ↑ Revised MK Spectral Atlas for stars earlier than the sun, W.W. Morgan, W. W., H.A. Abt, J.W. Tapscott, 1978, Williams Bay: Yerkes Observatory, and Tucson: Kitt Peak National Observatory
  11. ↑ The early A type stars – Refined MK classification, confrontation with Stroemgren photometry, and the effects of rotation, R.O. Gray & R.F. Garrison, 1987, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, vol. 65, p. 581
  12. ↑ The late A-type stars – Refined MK classification, confrontation with Stromgren photometry, and the effects of rotation, R.O. Gray & R.F. Garrison, 1989, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, vol. 70, p. 623
  13. ↑ Song, Inseok; et al. (2002), "M-Type Vega-like Stars", The Astronomical Journal, 124 (1): 514–518, arXiv:astro-ph/0204255, Bibcode:2002AJ....124..514S, doi:10.1086/341164
  14. ↑ Johnson, J. A. (2011). "The Stars that Host Planets". Sky & Telescope (April): 22–27.
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