2000 Oklahoma Sooners football team

2000 Oklahoma Sooners football
Consensus national champion
Big 12 champion
Big 12 South Division champion
Orange Bowl champion
Conference Big 12 Conference
Division South
Ranking
Coaches No. 1
AP No. 1
2000 record 130 (80 Big XII)
Head coach Bob Stoops (2nd season)
Offensive coordinator Mark Mangino (1st; 2nd season)
Defensive coordinator Mike Stoops (2nd season)
Co-defensive coordinator Brent Venables (2nd season)
Base defense 43
Captain Stephen Burcham
Rocky Calmus
Chris Hammons
Josh Heupel
Seth Littrell
Torrance Marshall
Home stadium Oklahoma Memorial Stadium
(Capacity: 72,765)
2000 Big 12 football standings
Conf  Overall
Team W L    W L 
Northern Division
No. 9 Kansas State xy  6 2     11 3  
No. 8 Nebraska x  6 2     10 2  
No. 25 Iowa State  5 3     9 3  
Colorado  3 5     3 8  
Kansas  2 6     4 7  
Missouri  2 6     3 8  
Southern Division
No. 1 Oklahoma x$#  8 0     13 0  
No. 12 Texas  7 1     9 3  
Texas A&M  5 3     7 5  
Texas Tech  3 5     7 6  
Oklahoma State  1 7     3 8  
Baylor  0 8     2 9  
Championship: Oklahoma 27, Kansas State 24
  • # BCS National Champion
  • $ BCS representative as conference champion
  • x Division champion/co-champions
  • y Championship game participant
Rankings from AP Poll

The 2000 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season, the 106th season of Sooner football. The team was led by Bob Stoops in his second season as head coach. They played their home games at Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman. During this season, they competed in the Big 12 Conference.

The Sooners opened the season ranked #19,[1] the first time they had made it into a pre-season poll in five years. Conference play began with a win over the Kansas Jayhawks at home on September 30, and ended with a win over the Kansas State Wildcats in the Big 12 Championship Game on December 2. The Sooners finished the regular season 12–0 (9–0 in Big 12, including conference championship game), while winning their first Big 12 title and their 37th conference title overall. They were invited to the 2001 Orange Bowl, which served as the BCS National Championship Game that year, where they beat the Florida State Seminoles by a score of 13-2. This is Oklahoma's seventh claimed and most recent national championship.

Following the season, Torrance Marshall was selected in the third round of the 2001 NFL Draft, along with Josh Heupel in the sixth.

Recruits

US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes
Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight Commit date
Gayron Allen
LB
Orange, Texas West Orange Stark HS 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) 195 lb (88 kg) Dec 5, 1999 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Jammal Brown
DT
Lawton, Oklahoma MacArthur HS 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 310 lb (140 kg) Jan 26, 2000 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Marcus Chretien
DE
Houston, Texas Kilgore College 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 240 lb (110 kg) Dec 12, 1999 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Mark Clayton
WR
Arlington, Texas Sam Houston HS 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) 170 lb (77 kg) Jan 9, 2000 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Dan Cody
TE
Ada, Oklahoma Ada HS 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 230 lb (100 kg) Sep 22, 1999 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Lance Donley
TE
Weatherford, Oklahoma Weatherford HS 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 225 lb (102 kg) Nov 4, 1999 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Howard Duncan
OL
Kansas City, Kansas Butler CC 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 300 lb (140 kg) Dec 15, 1999 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Charles Dupree
LE
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Millwood HS 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 210 lb (95 kg) Nov 23, 1999 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Jerad Estus
RB
Wichita Falls, Texas Hirschi HS 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 180 lb (82 kg) Dec 12, 1999 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Jerod Fields
OL
Bandera, Texas Bandera HS 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 280 lb (130 kg) Feb 1, 2000 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Ataleo Ford
WR
Ardmore, Oklahoma Ardmore HS 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 178 lb (81 kg) Dec 9, 1999 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Michael Freeman
CB
Chino Hills, California Mount San Antonio JC 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) 180 lb (82 kg) Jan 9, 2000 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Ronbrose Jones
LE
Bristow, Oklahoma Bristow HS 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 225 lb (102 kg) Feb 2, 2000 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Teddy Lehman
LB
Fort Gibson, Oklahoma Fort Gibson HS 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 228 lb (103 kg) Jul 23, 1999 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Vernon Maxwell
DB
Midwest City, Oklahoma Midwest City HS 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 215 lb (98 kg) Dec 23, 1999 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Brian Odom
RB
Ada, Oklahoma Ada HS 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) 195 lb (88 kg) Jan 11, 2000 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Will Peoples
WR
Humble, Texas Humble HS 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 185 lb (84 kg) Jan 4, 2000 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Antonio Perkins
ATH
Lawton, Oklahoma Lawton HS 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) 178 lb (81 kg) Dec 19, 2000 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Juan Prishker
DT
McAllen, Texas Blinn JC 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 265 lb (120 kg) Jan 9, 1999 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Brandon Shelby
ATH
Kansas City, Missouri Rockhurst HS 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) 185 lb (84 kg) Jan 8, 2000 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Terrance Simms
CB
Belle Glade, Florida Hutchinson CC 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 185 lb (84 kg) Jan 23, 2000 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Wes Sims
OL
Weatherford, Oklahoma Weatherford HS 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 310 lb (140 kg) Oct 13, 1999 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Darren Stephens
DB
Lewisville, Texas Lewisville HS 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 185 lb (84 kg) Jan 16, 2000 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Cliff Takawana
OL
Ardmore, Oklahoma Ardmore HS 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 300 lb (140 kg) Nov 28, 1999 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Hunter Wall
QB
Coppell, Texas Coppell HS 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 220 lb (100 kg) Jan 9, 2000 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Rudy Wells
ATH
Linden, Texas Kildare HS 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 200 lb (91 kg) Nov 21, 1999 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Jimmy Wilkerson
LB
Omaha, Texas Paul H. Pewitt HS 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 230 lb (100 kg) Jan 31, 2000 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Renaldo Works
RB
Tulsa, Oklahoma Booker T. Washington HS 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 202 lb (92 kg) Jan 27, 2000 
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A   Rivals: N/A   247Sports: N/A
Overall recruiting rankings:
  • Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight.
  • In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.

Sources:

    Source:[2]

    Schedule

    Date Time Opponent# Rank# Site TV Result Attendance
    September 2 6:30 PM[3] UTEP* No. 19 Oklahoma Memorial StadiumNorman, Oklahoma FSN PPV[3] W 5514   74,761[4]
    September 9 6:30 PM[5] Arkansas State* No. 20 Oklahoma Memorial Stadium • Norman, Oklahoma FSN PPV[5] W 457   74,730[4]
    September 23 11:30 AM[6] Rice* No. 17 Oklahoma Memorial Stadium • Norman, Oklahoma FSN[6] W 4214   74,794[4]
    September 30 2:00 PM[7] Kansas No. 14 Oklahoma Memorial Stadium • Norman, Oklahoma W 3416   74,811[4]
    October 7 11:00 AM[8] vs. No. 11 Texas No. 10 Cotton BowlDallas (Red River Shootout) ABC[8] W 6314   75,587[4]
    October 14 2:30 PM[9] at No. 2 Kansas State No. 8 KSU StadiumManhattan, Kansas ABC[9] W 4131   53,011[4]
    October 28 11:00 AM[10] No. 1 Nebraska No. 3 Oklahoma Memorial Stadium • Norman, Oklahoma (Rivalry) ABC[10] W 3114   75,989[4]
    November 4 1:00 PM[11] at Baylor No. 1 Floyd Casey StadiumWaco, Texas W 567   31,106[4]
    November 11 12:00 PM[12] at No. 23 Texas A&M No. 1 Kyle FieldCollege Station, Texas ABC[12] W 3531   87,188[4]
    November 18 2:30 PM[13] Texas Techdagger No. 1 Oklahoma Memorial Stadium • Norman, Oklahoma ABC[13] W 2713   75,364[4]
    November 25 2:30 PM[14] at Oklahoma State No. 1 Lewis FieldStillwater, Oklahoma (Bedlam Series) FSN[14] W 127   48,500[4]
    December 2 7:00 PM[15] vs. No. 8 Kansas State No. 1 Arrowhead StadiumKansas City, Missouri (Big 12 Championship Game) ABC[15] W 2724   79,655[4]
    January 3 7:00 PM[16] vs. No. 3 Florida State* No. 1 Pro Player StadiumMiami Gardens, Florida (Orange Bowl) ABC[16] W 132   76,835[4]
    *Non-conference game. daggerHomecoming. #Rankings from AP Poll. All times are in Central Time.

    Roster

    (final roster)

    Wide Receivers

    •  4 Antonio PerkinsFreshman
    •  5 Julius McMillan – Junior
    •  6 Antwone Savage – Sophomore
    •  9 Mark ClaytonFreshman
    • 12 Curtis Fagan – Sophomore
    • 13 Damian Mackey – Sophomore
    • 15 Ataleo Ford – Freshman
    • 17 Andre WoolfolkSophomore
    • 28 Jarvis Smith – Freshman
    • 29 Will Peoples – Freshman
    • 41 John Connor – Sophomore
    • 82 Ryan Daniel – Sophomore
    • 84 Buck Scifres – Junior

    Offensive Line

    • 55 Jammal BrownFreshman
    • 59 Stephen BurchamCSenior
    • 60 Wes SimsFreshman
    • 61 Josh Tucker – Freshman
    • 62 Jay Ridenour – Sophomore
    • 63 Frank Romero – Junior
    • 64 Adam Panter – Freshman
    • 65 Will Mathis – Junior
    • 66 Jarrod Barclay – Freshman
    • 68 Howard Duncan – Junior
    • 69 Brad Davis – Sophomore
    • 70 Reese Travis – Senior
    • 71 Jerod Fields – Freshman
    • 72 Scott Kempenich – Senior
    • 73 Trevor Nutt – Junior
    • 75 Mike Skinner – Sophomore
    • 76 Al Baysinger – Senior
    • 77 Josh Smith – Sophomore
    • 78 Cliff Takawana – Freshman

    Tight Ends

    • 81 Chris HammonsCSenior
    • 85 Jeremy Hess – Sophomore
    • 87 John Stuever – Freshman
    • 88 Trent SmithSophomore
    • 90 Matt Anderson – Senior
    • Lance Donley – Freshman
     

    Quarterbacks

    Running Backs

    •  3 Josh NormanJunior
    •  4 Brandon Shelby – Freshman
    • 21 Jay Hunt – Sophomore
    • 22 Quentin GriffinSophomore
    • 23 Jan Roeschmann – Junior
    • 24 Brian Odom – Freshman
    • 35 Seth LittrellCSenior
    • 36 Danny Cork – Sophomore
    • 39 Buster Kuhn – Senior
    • 43 Jamar Mozee – Freshman
    • 47 Renaldo Works – Freshman

    Defensive Line

    • 53 Eric Thunander – Sophomore
    • 62 Chike Ozumba – Sophomore
    • 74 Juan Prishker – Junior
    • 80 Dan CodyFreshman
    • 84 Sam Sachek – Freshman
    • 86 Brian Friend – Sophomore
    • 87 Marcus Chretien – Junior
    • 88 John Sturch – Sophomore
    • 89 Cory Heinecke – Junior
    • 90 Eric Hilaire – Sophomore
    • 91 Ramon Richardson – Senior
    • 92 Corey Callens – Senior
    • 93 Kory Klein – Freshman
    • 94 Ryan Fisher – Senior
    • 95 Rocky Bright – Senior
    • 96 Jeremy Wilson-Guest – Senior
    • 97 John Williams – Sophomore
    • 98 David Jones – Freshman
    • 99 Bary Holleyman – Junior
     

    Linebackers

    •  9 Roger Steffen – Senior
    • 10 Torrance MarshallCSenior
    • 20 Rocky CalmusCJunior
    • 36 Parker Neal – Sophomore
    • 37 Brandon Babb – Junior
    • 45 Jimmy WilkersonFreshman
    • 46 Brandon MooreSenior
    • 48 Gayron Allen – Freshman
    • 52 K. Michael Delfs – Junior
    • 57 Derrick Hurst – Freshman
    • 50 Brian Jimerson – Freshman
    • 51 Ronbrose Jones – Freshman
    • 52 Tanner Reynolds – Sophomore
    • 54 Teddy LehmanFreshman
    • 56 Brandon Pryor – Sophomore

    Defensive backs

    •  1 Terrance Simms – Junior
    •  2 Derrick StraitFreshman
    •  4 Brandon Shelby – Freshman
    •  7 Brandon Everage – Freshman
    • 11 Ontei Jones – Senior
    • 15 J.T. ThatcherSenior
    • 19 Michael Thompson – Sophomore
    • 22 Laromie Hammer – Freshman
    • 25 Darren Stephens – Freshman
    • 27 Brent Jackson – Sophomore
    • 30 Matt Mayhew – Junior
    • 31 Marvin Shoulders – Senior
    • 32 Ty Kincannon – Sophomore
    • 33 Marcus Bivines – Senior
    • 34 Matt McCoy – Freshman
    • 38 Roy WilliamsSophomore

    Kickers

    • 19 Jimmy Stewart – Freshman
    • 40 Tim DuncanJunior
    • 83 Jeff Ferguson – Junior

    Snapper

    • 67 Ben Panter – Junior
    C Captain   † Starter at position

    Game summaries

    UTEP

    Overall record Last meeting Result
    First Meeting
    UTEP Miners at #19 Oklahoma Sooners
    1 234Total
    UTEP 7 070 14
    #19 Oklahoma 17 10721 55

    Arkansas State

    Overall record Last meeting Result
    1–0 1992 W 61–0
    Arkansas State Indians at #20 Oklahoma Sooners
    1 234Total
    Arkansas State 0 700 7
    #20 Oklahoma 14 14710 45

    Rice

    Overall record Last meeting Result
    6–0 1979 W 63–21
    Rice Owls at #17 Oklahoma Sooners
    1 234Total
    Rice 6 080 14
    #17 Oklahoma 14 7147 42

    Kansas

    Overall record Last meeting Result
    62–27–6 1997 L 17–20
    Kansas Jayhawks at #14 Oklahoma Sooners
    1 234Total
    Kansas 13 300 16
    #14 Oklahoma 10 14100 34

    Texas (Red River Shootout)

    Overall record Last meeting Result
    34–55–5 1999 L 28–38
    #11 Texas Longhorns vs. #10 Oklahoma Sooners
    1 234Total
    #11 Texas 0 707 14
    #10 Oklahoma 14 28147 63

    Kansas State

    Overall record Last meeting Result
    63–16–4 1997 L 7–26
    #8 Oklahoma Sooners at #2 Kansas State Wildcats
    1 234Total
    #8 Oklahoma 17 1473 41
    #2 Kansas State 7 7314 31

    Nebraska

    Overall record Last meeting Result
    39–36–3 1997 L 7–69
    #1 Nebraska Cornhuskers at #3 Oklahoma Sooners
    1 234Total
    #1 Nebraska 14 000 14
    #3 Oklahoma 0 2470 31

    [17]

    Baylor

    Overall record Last meeting Result
    9–0 1999 W 41–10
    #1 Oklahoma Sooners at Baylor Bears
    1 234Total
    #1 Oklahoma 28 14140 56
    Baylor 0 070 7

    Texas A&M

    Overall record Last meeting Result
    9–9 1999 W 51–6
    #1 Oklahoma Sooners at #23 Texas A&M Aggies
    1 234Total
    #1 Oklahoma 3 7322 35
    #23 Texas A&M 7 1077 31

    Texas Tech

    Overall record Last meeting Result
    5–2 1999 L 28–38
    Texas Tech Red Raiders at #1 Oklahoma Sooners
    1 234Total
    Texas Tech 0 3010 13
    #1 Oklahoma 7 777 28

    Oklahoma State (Bedlam Series)

    Overall record Last meeting Result
    73–14–7 1999 W 44–7
    #1 Oklahoma Sooners at Oklahoma State Cowboys
    1 234Total
    #1 Oklahoma 7 500 12
    Oklahoma State 0 070 7

    Kansas State (Big 12 Championship Game)

    Overall record Last meeting Result
    64–16–4 2000 W 41–31
    #8 Kansas State Wildcats vs. #1 Oklahoma Sooners
    1 234Total
    #8 Kansas State 0 1077 24
    #1 Oklahoma 3 7710 27

    Florida State (Orange Bowl)

    Overall record Last meeting Result
    3–1 1981 W 18–17
    #3 Florida State Seminoles vs. #1 Oklahoma Sooners
    1 234Total
    #3 Florida State 0 002 2
    #1 Oklahoma 3 037 13

    Rankings

    Ranking movements
    Legend: ██ Increase in ranking. ██ Decrease in ranking.
    NR = Not ranked. RV = Received votes. ( ) = First place votes.
    Week
    Poll Pre 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Final 
    AP 19 19 20 18 17 14 10 8 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
    Coaches Poll 20 19 20 18 16 16 12 8 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
    BCS Not released 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Not released

    Awards and honors

    All-Americans

    Source:[18]

    Individual award winners

    Source:[19]

    2001 NFL Draft

    The 2001 NFL Draft was held on April 21–22, 2001 at the Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The following Oklahoma players were either selected or signed as undrafted free agents following the draft.

    Player Position Round Overall Pick NFL Team
    Torrance Marshall LB 3rd 72 Green Bay Packers
    Josh Heupel QB 6th 177 Miami Dolphins

    [20]

    References

    1. "2000 Football Season". Sooner Stats. Retrieved August 7, 2006.
    2. "Oklahoma Recruit Profiles". The Oklahoman. Oklahoma City. February 3, 2000. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
    3. 1 2 "Football Kicks Off 2000 Season Versus UTEP" (Press release). University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. August 29, 2000. Archived from the original on 2013-02-02. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
    4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "2000 Football Season". Sooner Stats. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
    5. 1 2 "FOX Sports Net Acquires Pay-Per-View Rights To Two OU Football Games" (Press release). University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. August 24, 2000. Archived from the original on 2013-02-02. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
    6. 1 2 "OU-Rice Football Game To Be Televised" (Press release). University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. September 12, 2000. Archived from the original on 2013-02-04. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
    7. Hartsock, Andrew (September 30, 2000). "KU Gunning for Heupel". Lawrence Journal-World. p. 1C. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
    8. 1 2 "Football Team Gearing Up For Texas" (Press release). University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. October 2, 2000. Archived from the original on 2013-02-03. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
    9. 1 2 "Football Team Heads To K-State Saturday" (Press release). University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. October 10, 2000. Archived from the original on 2013-02-02. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
    10. 1 2 "Sooners Prep For Huskers" (Press release). University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. October 23, 2000. Archived from the original on 2013-02-02. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
    11. Riggs, Randy (November 4, 2000). "Randy Riggs Previews Today's Big 12 Conference Games". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
    12. 1 2 "Undefeated Sooners Prep For Challenge At Texas A&M" (Press release). University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. November 6, 2000. Archived from the original on 2013-02-03. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
    13. 1 2 "Football Team Will Try For 10th Win Saturday" (Press release). University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. November 15, 2000. Archived from the original on 2013-02-02. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
    14. 1 2 "Football Team Concludes 11-Game Slate In Stillwater" (Press release). University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. November 20, 2000. Archived from the original on 2013-02-02. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
    15. 1 2 Blaudschun, Mark (December 1, 2000). "Oregon State Feeling Squeeze". The Boston Globe. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
    16. 1 2 Potrykus, Jeff (January 2, 2001). "Kicking Concerns Bowden". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
    17. "NCAA Football – Nebraska vs. Oklahoma". USA Today. October 28, 2000. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
    18. "Oklahoma All-Americans". University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
    19. "OU Football National Award Winners". University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
    20. "2001 NFL Draft". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.