Ōyama Iwao

Ōyama Iwao
大山 巌
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan
In office
April 23, 1915 – December 10, 1916
Monarch Taishō
Preceded by Prince Fushimi Sadanaru
Succeeded by Matsukata Masayoshi
1st & 3rd Minister of War of the
Japanese Empire
In office
December 22, 1885 – May 17th, 1891
Monarch Meiji
Preceded by Position established.
Succeeded by Takashima Tomonosuke
In office
August 8, 1892 – September 20, 1896
Preceded by Takashima Tomonosuke
Succeeded by Takashima Tomonosuke
Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
In office
4 September 1882 – 13 February 1884
Monarch Meiji
Preceded by Yamagata Aritomo
Succeeded by Yamagata Aritomo
In office
16 May 1889 – 20 June 1904
Preceded by Kawakami Soroku
Succeeded by Yamagata Aritomo
In office
20 December 1905 – 11 April 1906
Preceded by Yamagata Aritomo
Succeeded by Kodama Gentarō
Personal details
Born (1842-11-12)12 November 1842
Kagoshima, Satsuma Domain
(now Kagoshima, Japan)
Died 10 December 1916(1916-12-10) (aged 74)
Tokyo, Japan
Awards
Military service
Allegiance  Empire of Japan
Service/branch  Imperial Japanese Army
Years of service 1871–1914
Rank Gensui
Battles/wars

Prince Ōyama Iwao, OM (大山 巌, 12 November 1842 – 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.

Biography

Birthplace in Kagoshima

Early life

Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was a commander at the Satchō Alliance's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.

Field Marshal Ōyama during the Russo-Japanese War

Military career

In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France to study and he was official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War. He also spent three years (1870–1873) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York.[1] Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku.[2] On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.

In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.[3]

Statue of General Ōyama Iwao at Kudanzaka in Tokyo.

For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.[4]

After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him to the rank of prince (公爵, kōshaku),[5] the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.

Political career and death

As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff, Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal.

In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.

Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded 210 lbs., and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.

Personal life

Ōyama Sutematsu at Vassar

Family

Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882.[6] In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.

Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.[7]

Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser Matsushima in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.

Site of Ōyama's house at Omotesandō in Tokyo

House

Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.

Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage.[8] The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923.

Kimigayo

In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.

Honours

From the Japanese Wikipedia

Japanese

  • Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
  • Count (7 July 1884)
  • Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
  • Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
  • Marquess (5 August 1895)
  • 1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
  • 1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
  • Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
  • Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
  • Prince (21 September 1907)
  • Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
  • Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
  • First World War Medal (1 April 1916)

Court order of precedence

  • Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
  • Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
  • Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
  • Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
  • Third rank (27 December 1884)
  • Second rank (19 October 1886)
  • Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
  • Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)

Foreign

Other

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Oyama, S. Personal letter. 10 July 1913. Livingston County Historian's Office, Mt. Morris, New York.
  2. ↑ Dupuy, Encyclopedia of Military Biography
  3. ↑ Trumbull White (1895). The War in the East. J. H. Moore and Company. pp. 597–606. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  4. ↑ Kowner, Rotem (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4927-5. page 276
  5. ↑ National Diet Library, Portraits of Modern Historical Figures
  6. ↑ "Prince Iwao Oyama Is Dead in Japan", The New York Times, 11 December 1916.
  7. ↑ Bix, Herbert P. (2001). Hirohito and the making of modern Japan (1st Perennial ed.). New York: Perennial. p. 522. ISBN 978-0060931308.
  8. ↑ Adachi, The Wife of Japan's great General Oyama
  9. ↑ The London Gazette, 15 May 1906
  10. ↑ "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC". vancouverisland.com. 1998. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2012.

References

  • Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161
  • Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
  • Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
  • ____________. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
  • Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2; OCLC 46731178
  • National Diet Library. "Oyama Iwao". Portraits of Modern Historical Figures.
  • Adachi, Kinnosuke (23 July 1905). "The Wife of Japan's Great General Oyama". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  • VancouverIsland.com. "Oyama, Lake Country, Okanagan Valley, BC".
Political offices
Preceded by
none		 Minister of War
Dec 1885 – May 1891		 Succeeded by
Takashima Tomonosuke
Preceded by
Takashima Tomonosuke		 Minister of War
Aug 1892 – Sept 1896		 Succeeded by
Takashima Tomonosuke
Preceded by
Prince Fushimi Sadanaru		 Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
Apr 1915 – Dec 1916		 Succeeded by
Matsukata Masayoshi
Military offices
Preceded by
Yamagata Aritomo		 Chief of Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
Sept 1882 – Feb 1884		 Succeeded by
Yamagata Aritomo
Preceded by
Kawakami Soroku		 Chief of Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
Jan 1888 – May 1899		 Succeeded by
Yamagata Aritomo
Preceded by
Yamagata Aritomo		 Chief of Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
Dec 1905 – Apr 1906		 Succeeded by
Kodama Gentarō
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