Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/Classes of Biomaterials

Classes of Biomaterials

Metals and alloys as biomaterials

Table 6. Mechanical properties of biomaterials

Material	Tensile strength (MPa)	Compressive strength (MPa)	Elastic modulus (GPa)	Fracture toughness (MPa. m^-1/2)
Cortical Bone	50-151^[1]	100-230^[2]	7-30^[3]	2-12^[3]
Titanium	345^[4]	250-600^[5]	102.7^[4]	58-66^[4]
Stainless steel	465-950^[6]	1000^[5]	200^[1]	55-95^[5]
Ti-Alloys	596-1100^[4]	450-1850^[5]	55-114^[4]	40-92^[4]
Alumina	270-500^[5]	3000-5000^[5]	380-410^[3]	5-6^[3]

Ceramics as biomaterials

Table 7: Bioceramics Applications ^[7]

Devices	Function	Biomaterial
Artificial total hip, knee, shoulder, elbow, wrist	Reconstruct arthritic or fractured joints	High-density alumina, metal bioglass coatings
Bone plates, screws, wires	Repair fractures	Bioglass-metal fiber composite, Polysulfone-carbon fiber composite
Intramedullary nails	Align fractures	Bioglass-metal fiber composite, Polysulfone-carbon fiber composite
Harrington rods	Correct chronic spinal curvature	Bioglass-metal fiber composite, Polysulfone-carbon fiber composite
Permanently implanted artificial limbs	Replace missing extremities	Bioglass-metal fiber composite, Polysulfone-carbon fiber composite
Vertebrae Spacers and extensors	Correct congenital deformity	Al₂O₃
Spinal fusion	Immobilize vertebrae to protect spinal cord	Bioglass
Alveolar bone replacements, mandibular reconstruction	Restore the alveolar ridge to improve denture fit	Polytetra fluro ethylene (PTFE) - carbon composite, Porous Al₂O₃, Bioglass, dense-apatite
End osseous tooth replacement implants	Replace diseased, damaged or loosened teeth	Al₂O₃, Bioglass, dense hydroxyapatite, vitreous carbon
Orthodontic anchors	Provide posts for stress application required to change deformities	Bioglass-coated Al₂O₃, Bioglass coated vitallium

Table 2: Mechanical Properties of Ceramic Biomaterials ^[7]

Material	Young’s Modulus (GPa)	CompressiveStrength (MPa)	Bond strength (GPa)	Hardness	Density (g/cm³)
Inert Al₂O₃	380	4000	300-400	2000-3000(HV)	>3.9
ZrO₂ (PS)	150-200	2000	200-500	1000-3000(HV)	≈6.0
Graphite	20-25	138	NA	NA	1.5-1.9
(LTI)Pyrolitic Carbon	17-28	900	270-500	NA	1.7-2.2
Vitreous Carbon	24-31	172	70-207	150-200(DPH)	1.4-1.6
Bioactive HAP	73-117	600	120	350	3.1
Bioglass	≈75	1000	50	NA	2.5
AW Glass Ceramic	118	1080	215	680	2.8
Bone	3-30	130-180	60-160	NA	NA

Polymers as biomaterials

Composite as biomaterials

Biodegradable Polymers as Biomaterials

Generally, biodegradable polymers is composed of ester, amide, or ether bonds. These biodegradable polymers can be categorized into two groups based on their structure and synthesis. One of these groups is agro-polymers, or those derived from biomass^[8]. The other consists of biopolyesters, derived from microorganisms or synthetically made from either naturally or synthetic monomers.

Biodegradable polymers organization based on structure and occurrence ^[8]

Biopolyesters as Biomaterials

Agro-polymers as Biomaterials

1 2 Chen, Q., Zhu, C., & Thouas, G. A. (2012). Progress and challenges in biomaterials used for bone tissue engineering: bioactive glasses and elastomeric composites. Progress in Biomaterials, 1(1), 1-22
↑ Kokubo, T., Kim, H. M., & Kawashita, M. (2003). Novel bioactive materials with different mechanical properties. Biomaterials, 24(13), 2161-2175.
1 2 3 4 Amaral, M., Lopes, M. A., Silva, R. F., & Santos, J. D. (2002). Densification route and mechanical properties of Si 3 N 4–bioglass biocomposites. Biomaterials, 23(3), 857-862
1 2 3 4 5 6 Niinomi, M. (1998). Mechanical properties of biomedical titanium alloys.Materials Science and Engineering: A, 243(1), 231-236.
1 2 3 4 5 6 NPTEL >> Metallurgy and Material Science >> Introduction to Biomaterials (Video) >> Lecture-01-Introduction to basic concepts of Biomaterials Science;
↑ Katti, K. S. (2004). Biomaterials in total joint replacement. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 39(3), 133-142.
1 2 Thamaraiselvi, T. V., and S. Rajeswari. “Biological evaluation of bioceramic materials-a review.” Carbon 24.31 (2004): 172.
1 2 editors, Luc Avérous, Eric Pollet, (2012). Environmental silicate nano-biocomposites. London: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4471-4108-2.

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[chen-1] 1 2 Chen, Q., Zhu, C., & Thouas, G. A. (2012). Progress and challenges in biomaterials used for bone tissue engineering: bioactive glasses and elastomeric composites. Progress in Biomaterials, 1(1), 1-22

[kokubo_2003-2] Kokubo, T., Kim, H. M., & Kawashita, M. (2003). Novel bioactive materials with different mechanical properties. Biomaterials, 24(13), 2161-2175.

[amaral-3] 1 2 3 4 Amaral, M., Lopes, M. A., Silva, R. F., & Santos, J. D. (2002). Densification route and mechanical properties of Si 3 N 4–bioglass biocomposites. Biomaterials, 23(3), 857-862

[niinomi-4] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Niinomi, M. (1998). Mechanical properties of biomedical titanium alloys.Materials Science and Engineering: A, 243(1), 231-236.

[nptel-5] 1 2 3 4 5 6 NPTEL >> Metallurgy and Material Science >> Introduction to Biomaterials (Video) >> Lecture-01-Introduction to basic concepts of Biomaterials Science;

[Katti-6] Katti, K. S. (2004). Biomaterials in total joint replacement. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 39(3), 133-142.

[Thamaraiselvi-7] 1 2 Thamaraiselvi, T. V., and S. Rajeswari. “Biological evaluation of bioceramic materials-a review.” Carbon 24.31 (2004): 172.

[ESN-pdf-8] 1 2 editors, Luc Avérous, Eric Pollet, (2012). Environmental silicate nano-biocomposites. London: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4471-4108-2.