φάρμακον

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Unclear etymology, but most likely derived from Proto-Hellenic *pʰármakon, Pokorny (1959) connects the Greek root φαρ- of φαρόω (pharóō, “to plough”), φάρυγξ (phárunx, “throat”), from a Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to cut, pierce, scrape”) (i.e., a medicinal herb or root as something cut off or dug up), cognate with Proto-Germanic *burōną (conflated with *bazją) and Latin ferio. A Pre-Greek etymology has been proposed by R. S. P. Beekes.[1]

Cognate with Mycenaean Greek [script needed] (pa-ma-ko /pʰármakon/).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /pʰár.ma.kon/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈpʰar.ma.kon/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈɸar.ma.kon/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈfar.ma.kon/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈfar.ma.kon/

Noun

φάρμᾰκον • (phármakon) n (genitive φαρμᾰ́κου); second declension

A drug, whether healing or noxious
A healing drug, medicine, remedy
- 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia :
  τῶν δὲ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀρρωστημάτων καὶ παθῶν ἡ φιλοσοφία μόνη φάρμακόν ἐστι.
  tôn dè tês psukhês arrhōstēmátōn kaì pathôn hē philosophía mónē phármakón esti.
  but for the soul's illnesses and sufferings, the only remedy is philosophy. (@perseus.tuftus.edu)
A potion, charm, spell
A deadly drug, poison
A dye, color

Declension

Second declension of τὸ φάρμᾰκον; τοῦ φαρμᾰ́κου (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ φάρμᾰκον tò phármakon	τὼ φαρμᾰ́κω tṑ pharmákō	τᾰ̀ φάρμᾰκᾰ tà phármaka
Genitive	τοῦ φαρμᾰ́κου toû pharmákou	τοῖν φαρμᾰ́κοιν toîn pharmákoin	τῶν φαρμᾰ́κων tôn pharmákōn
Dative	τῷ φαρμᾰ́κῳ tôi pharmákōi	τοῖν φαρμᾰ́κοιν toîn pharmákoin	τοῖς φαρμᾰ́κοις toîs pharmákois
Accusative	τὸ φάρμᾰκον tò phármakon	τὼ φαρμᾰ́κω tṑ pharmákō	τᾰ̀ φάρμᾰκᾰ tà phármaka
Vocative	φάρμᾰκον phármakon	φαρμᾰ́κω pharmákō	φάρμᾰκᾰ phármaka
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

φαρμακοθήκη (pharmakothḗkē)

Descendants

Greek: φάρμακο (fármako)
→ Latin: pharmacum

References

Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 1554

φάρμακον in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
φάρμακον in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
φάρμακον in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
φάρμακον in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
φάρμακον in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
φάρμακον in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- alchemy idem, page 22.
- antidote idem, page 32.
- balm idem, page 60.
- bane idem, page 61.
- charm idem, page 126.
- colour idem, page 143.
- cure idem, page 190.
- dose idem, page 247.
- drug idem, page 254.
- enchantment idem, page 270.
- fascination idem, page 308.
- lotion idem, page 501.
- magic idem, page 507.
- medicine idem, page 521.
- narcotic idem, page 550.
- opiate idem, page 576.
- paint idem, page 589.
- palliative idem, page 590.
- physic idem, page 610.
- pigment idem, page 612.
- poison idem, page 624.
- potion idem, page 629.
- remedy idem, page 692.
- restorative idem, page 705.
- salve idem, page 732.
- soporific idem, page 794.
- spell idem, page 801.
- venom idem, page 947.
- weed idem, page 972.

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[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 1554