πρό

See also: προ, προ-, and πρό-

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *pro, *pro- (see *per-). Cognates include Latin pro, Sanskrit प्र (prá), Proto-Celtic *ɸro and Proto-Germanic *fram (English from). May be related to πρός (prós, “towards”).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /pró/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /pro/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /pro/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /pro/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /pro/

Preposition

πρό • (pró) (governs the genitive)

before
1. (of place) before, in front of
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 24.468
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.351
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.292
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.126
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.80
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.172
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.561
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.12
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 8.581
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.3
  - 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 13.56
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.53
  - 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.18
  - 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 5.96
  - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 109
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.75
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.4
  - 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 1279
  - 480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 274
  - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 1207
  - 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, On the Embassy 148
  1. (with verbs of motion)
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.435
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.115
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.286
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.693
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.96
  2. before, in front of, for the purpose of shielding or guarding
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.215
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.57
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.156
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.373
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.74
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.110
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.134
    - 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 18
    - 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 645
    - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 134
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.8.4
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.6.42
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.44
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.4.7
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.8.18
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.6.36
    - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 10
    - 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 811
  3. further on, forward, onward
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.382
    - 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 3.16
    - 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 7.29
    - 60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 9.35
    - 64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 8.6.24
2. (of time) before
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.524
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.469
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.224
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.3
  - 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 883
  - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 57A
  - 385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 201D
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.5.39
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.14
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.6.6
  - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1266
  - 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 21
  - 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 126
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.130
  - 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pompey 73
  - 95 CE – 165 CE, Appian, Civil Wars 2.116
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.8
  - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1204
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.122
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.83
  - 411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 418
  - 385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 173A
  - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 462
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.58
  - 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Against the Sophists 19
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.97
  1. (in later writers, with numerals)
    - 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 5.52
    - 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Julius Caesar 63
    - 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.147E
    - 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Sulla 37
    - 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Amos 1.1
    - 40 CE – 90 CE, Dioscorides, Materia medica 1.64
    - 50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of John 12:1
    - 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Saturnalia 14
3. (in other relations)
  1. (of preference) before, sooner, rather than
    - 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.140
    - 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 361E
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.152
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Conon 19
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.100
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.59
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.36
    - 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 366B
    - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Philebus 57E
    - 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, To Philip 138
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.33
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.10
    - 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Menexenus 249E
    - 467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1002
    - 467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 927
    - 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 401D
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.62
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.12
    - 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 28D
    - 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Crito 54B
    - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 99A
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.85
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.3
  2. (of cause or motive) for, out of, from
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.667
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.734
    - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 495

Usage notes

Words may be put between πρό and its case, but πρό does not come after its case.

Adverb

πρό • (pró)

(of place) before, in front, forth, forward
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.799–800
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.360
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.118
- 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 960
- 424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 59
- 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 682
- 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 235
(of time) before, beforehand
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.37
- 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 32
- 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 38

Derived terms

πρόσω (prósō)

Descendants

→ English: pro-

References

πρό in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
πρό in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
πρό in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
πρό in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
πρό in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
πρό in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G4253 in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible, 1979
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- above idem, page 3.
- advance idem, page 13.
- anchor idem, page 29.
- antecedent idem, page 32.
- anterior idem, page 32.
- before idem, page 69.
- beforehand idem, page 70.
- behalf idem, page 71.
- ere idem, page 281.
- for idem, page 334.
- forward idem, page 340.
- front idem, page 346.
- head idem, page 389.
- preference idem, page 634.
- to idem, page 878.
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill

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