γυμνός
Ancient Greek
Etymology
From *gʷomnós by Cowgill's Law (o → u between labial and resonant), from Proto-Indo-European *nogʷmós by metathesis (possible taboo deformation), from *nogʷós; see there for the cognates.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ɡym.nós/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ɡymˈnos/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ɣymˈnos/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ʝymˈnos/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ʝimˈnos/
Adjective
γυμνός • (gumnós) m (feminine γυμνή, neuter γυμνόν); first/second declension
Inflection
| Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
| Nominative | γυμνός gumnós |
γυμνή gumnḗ |
γυμνόν gumnón |
γυμνώ gumnṓ |
γυμνᾱ́ gumnā́ |
γυμνώ gumnṓ |
γυμνοί gumnoí |
γυμναί gumnaí |
γυμνᾰ́ gumná | |||||
| Genitive | γυμνοῦ gumnoû |
γυμνῆς gumnês |
γυμνοῦ gumnoû |
γυμνοῖν gumnoîn |
γυμναῖν gumnaîn |
γυμνοῖν gumnoîn |
γυμνῶν gumnôn |
γυμνῶν gumnôn |
γυμνῶν gumnôn | |||||
| Dative | γυμνῷ gumnôi |
γυμνῇ gumnêi |
γυμνῷ gumnôi |
γυμνοῖν gumnoîn |
γυμναῖν gumnaîn |
γυμνοῖν gumnoîn |
γυμνοῖς gumnoîs |
γυμναῖς gumnaîs |
γυμνοῖς gumnoîs | |||||
| Accusative | γυμνόν gumnón |
γυμνήν gumnḗn |
γυμνόν gumnón |
γυμνώ gumnṓ |
γυμνᾱ́ gumnā́ |
γυμνώ gumnṓ |
γυμνούς gumnoús |
γυμνᾱ́ς gumnā́s |
γυμνᾰ́ gumná | |||||
| Vocative | γυμνέ gumné |
γυμνή gumnḗ |
γυμνόν gumnón |
γυμνώ gumnṓ |
γυμνᾱ́ gumnā́ |
γυμνώ gumnṓ |
γυμνοί gumnoí |
γυμναί gumnaí |
γυμνᾰ́ gumná | |||||
| Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
| γυμνῶς gumnôs |
γυμνότερος gumnóteros |
γυμνότᾰτος gumnótatos | ||||||||||||
| Notes: |
| |||||||||||||
| Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
| Nominative | γυμνός gumnós |
γυμνᾱ́ gumnā́ |
γυμνόν gumnón |
γυμνώ gumnṓ |
γυμνᾱ́ gumnā́ |
γυμνώ gumnṓ |
γυμνοί gumnoí |
γυμναί gumnaí |
γυμνᾰ́ gumná | |||||
| Genitive | γυμνοῖο gumnoîo |
γυμνᾶς gumnâs |
γυμνοῖο gumnoîo |
γυμνοῖν gumnoîn |
γυμναῖν gumnaîn |
γυμνοῖν gumnoîn |
γυμνῶν gumnôn |
γυμνᾶν gumnân |
γυμνῶν gumnôn | |||||
| Dative | γυμνῷ gumnôi |
γυμνᾷ gumnâi |
γυμνῷ gumnôi |
γυμνοῖν gumnoîn |
γυμναῖν gumnaîn |
γυμνοῖν gumnoîn |
γυμνοῖς gumnoîs |
γυμναῖς gumnaîs |
γυμνοῖς gumnoîs | |||||
| Accusative | γυμνόν gumnón |
γυμνᾱ́ν gumnā́n |
γυμνόν gumnón |
γυμνώ gumnṓ |
γυμνᾱ́ gumnā́ |
γυμνώ gumnṓ |
γυμνούς gumnoús |
γυμνᾱ́ς gumnā́s |
γυμνᾰ́ gumná | |||||
| Vocative | γυμνέ gumné |
γυμνᾱ́ gumnā́ |
γυμνόν gumnón |
γυμνώ gumnṓ |
γυμνᾱ́ gumnā́ |
γυμνώ gumnṓ |
γυμνοί gumnoí |
γυμναί gumnaí |
γυμνᾰ́ gumná | |||||
| Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
| γυμνῶς gumnôs |
γυμνότερος gumnóteros |
γυμνότᾰτος gumnótatos | ||||||||||||
| Notes: |
| |||||||||||||
Derived terms
- γυμνάς (gumnás)
- γύμνασις (gúmnasis)
- γυμνής (gumnḗs)
- γυμνητεύω (gumnēteúō)
- γυμνηλός (gumnēlós)
- γυμνικός (gumnikós)
- γυμνότης (gumnótēs)
- γυμνόω (gumnóō)
- γύμνωσις (gúmnōsis)
- γυμνωτέος (gumnōtéos)
Descendants
- Greek: γυμνός (gymnós)
Further reading
- γυμνός in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- γυμνός in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- γυμνός in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- γυμνός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- γυμνός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- γυμνός in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2019)
- γυμνός in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G1131 in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible, 1979
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- bare idem, page 62.
- blank idem, page 81.
- defenceless idem, page 204.
- denude idem, page 211.
- exposed idem, page 295.
- naked idem, page 550.
- nude idem, page 562.
- open idem, page 574.
- unarmed idem, page 907.
- unclothed idem, page 909.
- uncovered idem, page 911.
- undressed idem, page 915.
- unguarded idem, page 920.
- unprotected idem, page 928.
- unrobed idem, page 930.
- vulnerable idem, page 958.
- American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Ed. Calvert Watkins. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.
- Huld, Martin E. “Magic, Metathesis and Nudity in Indo-European Thought.” Ancient Languages and Philology. Vol 1 of Studies in Honor of Jaan Puhvel. Eds. Dorothy Disterheft et al. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph 20. Gen. eds. A. Richard Diebold and Edgar C. Polomé. Washington: Institute for the Study of Man, 1997. 75-92.
Greek
Etymology
From Ancient Greek γυμνός (gumnós), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nogʷós.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ʝimˈnɔs]
Declension
declension of γυμνός
| number case / gender |
singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | γυμνός | γυμνή | γυμνό | γυμνοί | γυμνές | γυμνά |
| genitive | γυμνού | γυμνής | γυμνού | γυμνών | γυμνών | γυμνών |
| accusative | γυμνό | γυμνή | γυμνό | γυμνούς | γυμνές | γυμνά |
| vocative | γυμνέ | γυμνή | γυμνό | γυμνοί | γυμνές | γυμνά |
| derivations | comparative: πιο (pio) + positive forms (e.g. πιο γυμνός, etc.) relative superlative: definite article + πιο (pio) + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο γυμνός (o pio gymnós), etc.) | |||||
degrees of comparison by suffixation
| comparative | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | γυμνότερος | γυμνότερη | γυμνότερο | γυμνότεροι | γυμνότερες | γυμνότερα |
| genitive | γυμνότερου | γυμνότερης | γυμνότερου | γυμνότερων | γυμνότερων | γυμνότερων |
| accusative | γυμνότερο | γυμνότερη | γυμνότερο | γυμνότερους | γυμνότερες | γυμνότερα |
| vocative | γυμνότερε | γυμνότερη | γυμνότερο | γυμνότεροι | γυμνότερες | γυμνότερα |
| derivations | relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο γυμνότερος", etc) | |||||
| absolute superlative | singular | plural | ||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | γυμνότατος | γυμνότατη | γυμνότατο | γυμνότατοι | γυμνότατες | γυμνότατα |
| genitive | γυμνότατου | γυμνότατης | γυμνότατου | γυμνότατων | γυμνότατων | γυμνότατων |
| accusative | γυμνότατο | γυμνότατη | γυμνότατο | γυμνότατους | γυμνότατες | γυμνότατα |
| vocative | γυμνότατε | γυμνότατη | γυμνότατο | γυμνότατοι | γυμνότατες | γυμνότατα |
Related terms
- see: γυμνάζω (gymnázo, “to train, to exercise”)
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