toana

Swahili

Verb

-toana (infinitive kutoana)

Reciprocal form of -toa

Conjugation

Conjugation of -toana

Non-finite forms

Form

Positive

Negative

Infinitive

kutoana

kutotoana

Simple finite forms

Positive form

Singular

Plural

Imperative

toana

toaneni

Habitual

hutoana

Complex finite forms

Polarity

Persons

Persons / Classes

Classes

1st

2nd

3rd / M-wa

M-mi

Ma

Ki-vi

N

U

Ku

Pa

Mu

Sg.

Pl.

Sg.

Pl.

Sg. / 1

Pl. / 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11 / 14

15 / 17

16

18

Past
Positive	nilitoana nalitoana	tulitoana twalitoana	ulitoana walitoana	mlitoana mwalitoana	alitoana	walitoana	ulitoana	ilitoana	lilitoana	yalitoana	kilitoana	vilitoana	ilitoana	zilitoana	ulitoana	kulitoana	palitoana	mulitoana
Relative	niliotoana naliotoana	tuliotoana twaliotoana	uliotoana waliotoana	mliotoana mwaliotoana	aliotoana	waliotoana	uliotoana	iliotoana	liliotoana	yaliotoana	kiliotoana	viliotoana	iliotoana	ziliotoana	uliotoana	kuliotoana	paliotoana	muliotoana
Negative	sikutoana	hatukutoana	hukutoana	hamkutoana	hakutoana	hawakutoana	haukutoana	haikutoana	halikutoana	hayakutoana	hakikutoana	havikutoana	haikutoana	hazikutoana	haukutoana	hakukutoana	hapakutoana	hamukutoana

Present
Positive	ninatoana natoana	tunatoana	unatoana	mnatoana	anatoana	wanatoana	unatoana	inatoana	linatoana	yanatoana	kinatoana	vinatoana	inatoana	zinatoana	unatoana	kunatoana	panatoana	munatoana
Relative	ninaotoana naotoana	tunaotoana	unaotoana	mnaotoana	anaotoana	wanaotoana	unaotoana	inaotoana	linaotoana	yanaotoana	kinaotoana	vinaotoana	inaotoana	zinaotoana	unaotoana	kunaotoana	panaotoana	munaotoana
Negative	sitoani	hatutoani	hutoani	hamtoani	hatoani	hawatoani	hautoani	haitoani	halitoani	hayatoani	hakitoani	havitoani	haitoani	hazitoani	hautoani	hakutoani	hapatoani	hamutoani

Future
Positive	nitatoana	tutatoana	utatoana	mtatoana	atatoana	watatoana	utatoana	itatoana	litatoana	yatatoana	kitatoana	vitatoana	itatoana	zitatoana	utatoana	kutatoana	patatoana	mutatoana
Relative	nitakaotoana	tutakaotoana	utakaotoana	mtakaotoana	atakaotoana	watakaotoana	utakaotoana	itakaotoana	litakaotoana	yatakaotoana	kitakaotoana	vitakaotoana	itakaotoana	zitakaotoana	utakaotoana	kutakaotoana	patakaotoana	mutakaotoana
Negative	sitatoana	hatutatoana	hutatoana	hamtatoana	hatatoana	hawatatoana	hautatoana	haitatoana	halitatoana	hayatatoana	hakitatoana	havitatoana	haitatoana	hazitatoana	hautatoana	hakutatoana	hapatatoana	hamutatoana

Subjunctive
Positive	nitoane	tutoane	utoane	mtoane	atoane	watoane	utoane	itoane	litoane	yatoane	kitoane	vitoane	itoane	zitoane	utoane	kutoane	patoane	mutoane
Negative	nisitoane	tusitoane	usitoane	msitoane	asitoane	wasitoane	usitoane	isitoane	lisitoane	yasitoane	kisitoane	visitoane	isitoane	zisitoane	usitoane	kusitoane	pasitoane	musitoane

Present Conditional
Positive	ningetoana	tungetoana	ungetoana	mngetoana	angetoana	wangetoana	ungetoana	ingetoana	lingetoana	yangetoana	kingetoana	vingetoana	ingetoana	zingetoana	ungetoana	kungetoana	pangetoana	mungetoana
Negative	nisingetoana singetoana	tusingetoana hatungetoana	usingetoana hungetoana	msingetoana hamngetoana	asingetoana hangetoana	wasingetoana hawangetoana	usingetoana haungetoana	isingetoana haingetoana	lisingetoana halingetoana	yasingetoana hayangetoana	kisingetoana hakingetoana	visingetoana havingetoana	isingetoana haingetoana	zisingetoana hazingetoana	usingetoana haungetoana	kusingetoana hakungetoana	pasingetoana hapangetoana	musingetoana hamungetoana

Past Conditional
Positive	ningalitoana	tungalitoana	ungalitoana	mngalitoana	angalitoana	wangalitoana	ungalitoana	ingalitoana	lingalitoana	yangalitoana	kingalitoana	vingalitoana	ingalitoana	zingalitoana	ungalitoana	kungalitoana	pangalitoana	mungalitoana
Negative	nisingalitoana singalitoana	tusingalitoana hatungalitoana	usingalitoana hungalitoana	msingalitoana hamngalitoana	asingalitoana hangalitoana	wasingalitoana hawangalitoana	usingalitoana haungalitoana	isingalitoana haingalitoana	lisingalitoana halingalitoana	yasingalitoana hayangalitoana	kisingalitoana hakingalitoana	visingalitoana havingalitoana	isingalitoana haingalitoana	zisingalitoana hazingalitoana	usingalitoana haungalitoana	kusingalitoana hakungalitoana	pasingalitoana hapangalitoana	musingalitoana hamungalitoana

Conditional Contrary to Fact
Positive	ningelitoana	tungelitoana	ungelitoana	mngelitoana	angelitoana	wangelitoana	ungelitoana	ingelitoana	lingelitoana	yangelitoana	kingelitoana	vingelitoana	ingelitoana	zingelitoana	ungelitoana	kungelitoana	pangelitoana	mungelitoana

General Relative
Positive	nitoanao	tutoanao	utoanao	mtoanao	atoanao	watoanao	utoanao	itoanao	litoanao	yatoanao	kitoanao	vitoanao	itoanao	zitoanao	utoanao	kutoanao	patoanao	mutoanao
Negative	nisiotoana	tusiotoana	usiotoana	msiotoana	asiotoana	wasiotoana	usiotoana	isiotoana	lisiotoana	yasiotoana	kisiotoana	visiotoana	isiotoana	zisiotoana	usiotoana	kusiotoana	pasiotoana	musiotoana

Gnomic
Positive	natoana	twatoana	watoana	mwatoana	atoana	watoana	watoana	yatoana	latoana	yatoana	chatoana	vyatoana	yatoana	zatoana	watoana	kwatoana	patoana	mwatoana

Perfect
Positive	nimetoana	tumetoana	umetoana	mmetoana	ametoana	wametoana	umetoana	imetoana	limetoana	yametoana	kimetoana	vimetoana	imetoana	zimetoana	umetoana	kumetoana	pametoana	mumetoana

"Already"
Positive	nimeshatoana	tumeshatoana	umeshatoana	mmeshatoana	ameshatoana	wameshatoana	umeshatoana	imeshatoana	limeshatoana	yameshatoana	kimeshatoana	vimeshatoana	imeshatoana	zimeshatoana	umeshatoana	kumeshatoana	pameshatoana	mumeshatoana

"Not yet"
Negative	sijatoana	hatujatoana	hujatoana	hamjatoana	hajatoana	hawajatoana	haujatoana	haijatoana	halijatoana	hayajatoana	hakijatoana	havijatoana	haijatoana	hazijatoana	haujatoana	hakujatoana	hapajatoana	hamujatoana

"If/When"
Positive	nikitoana	tukitoana	ukitoana	mkitoana	akitoana	wakitoana	ukitoana	ikitoana	likitoana	yakitoana	kikitoana	vikitoana	ikitoana	zikitoana	ukitoana	kukitoana	pakitoana	mukitoana

"If not"
Negative	nisipotoana	tusipotoana	usipotoana	msipotoana	asipotoana	wasipotoana	usipotoana	isipotoana	lisipotoana	yasipotoana	kisipotoana	visipotoana	isipotoana	zisipotoana	usipotoana	kusipotoana	pasipotoana	musipotoana

Consecutive
Positive	nikatoana	tukatoana	ukatoana	mkatoana	akatoana	wakatoana	ukatoana	ikatoana	likatoana	yakatoana	kikatoana	vikatoana	ikatoana	zikatoana	ukatoana	kukatoana	pakatoana	mukatoana

Not all possible forms are listed in the table. Transitive verbs can take object concords, relative concords can agree with all noun classes, and many other forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

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