sculan
Old English
Alternative forms
- sceolan
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to owe”), from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“shall, must, owe”). Cognate with Old High German scolan (German sollen), Old Saxon skulan, Dutch zullen, Old Norse skulu (Swedish skola, Norwegian skulle), Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (skulan).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈʃulɑn/
Verb
sċulan
- (auxiliary) to be obliged, must, should
- Him ǣġhwylċ þāra ymbsittendra ofer hronrāde hȳran sċolde.
- All of the neighbouring tribes over the ocean had to listen to him. (Beowulf ll.9-10)
- (transitive) to owe
- (auxiliary) shall, to be going or about (to do something due to some sort of obligation not intention)
Conjugation
Conjugation of sċulan (preterite-present)
| infinitive | sċulan | tō sċulanne |
|---|---|---|
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | sċeal, sċel, sċal, sċæl | sċeolde |
| 2nd-person singular | sċealt | sċeoldest |
| 3rd-person singular | sċeal, sċel, sċal, sċæl | sċeolde |
| plural | sċulon | sċeoldon |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| singular | sċyle, sċile, sċiele, sċule | sċeolde |
| plural | sċylen | sċeolden |
| imperative | ||
| singular | sċyle | |
| plural | sċylaþ | |
| participle | present | past |
| sċulende | sċulen | |
Old Saxon
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