llyfu
Welsh
Alternative forms
- llyo
- llyu
Etymology
From Proto-Celtic *ligeti (compare Old Irish ligid, Modern Irish ligh), from Proto-Indo-European *leyǵʰ-.
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ˈɬəvɨ̞/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˈɬəvi/
Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
present indicative/future | llyfaf | llyfi | llyf, llyfa | llyfwn | llyfwch | llyfant | llyfir | |
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
llyfwn | llyfit | llyfai | llyfem | llyfech | llyfent | llyfid | |
preterite | llyfais | llyfaist | llyfodd | llyfasom | llyfasoch | llyfasant | llyfwyd | |
pluperfect | llyfaswn | llyfasit | llyfasai | llyfasem | llyfasech | llyfasent | llyfasid, llyfesid | |
present subjunctive | llyfwyf | llyfych | llyfo | llyfom | llyfoch | llyfont | llyfer | |
imperative | — | llyf, llyfa | llyfed | llyfwn | llyfwch | llyfent | llyfer | |
verbal noun | llyfu | |||||||
verbal adjectives | llyfedig |
Conjugation (colloquial)
Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | |
future | llyfa i, llyfaf i | llyfi di | llyfith o/e/hi, llyfiff e/hi | llyfwn ni | llyfwch chi | llyfan nhw |
conditional | llyfwn i, llyfswn i | llyfet ti, llyfset ti | llyfai fo/fe/hi, llyfsai fo/fe/hi | llyfen ni, llyfsen ni | llyfech chi, llyfsech chi | llyfen nhw, llyfsen nhw |
preterite | llyfais i, llyfes i | llyfaist ti, llyfest ti | llyfodd o/e/hi | llyfon ni | llyfoch chi | llyfon nhw |
imperative | — | llyfa | — | — | llyfwch | — |
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. |
Mutation
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
llyfu | lyfu | unchanged | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading
- Angharad Fychan and Ann Parry Owen, editors (2014), “llyfaf”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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