kapur

From Proto-Austronesian *qapuR (“lime, calcium”). Possibly from the same source as Proto-Austronesian *qabu (“ash, cinder, powder”) ("lime" in some descendants). Cognate with Tagalog apog (“lime”), Bunun habu (“ash, powder, lime”), Tsou hapuyu (“lime”), Eastern Cham [script needed] (kapū).

Compare the Austroasiatic loanwords: Proto-Mon-Khmer *knpur (“lime”) (whence Khmer កំបោរ (kɑmbao, “lime, quicklime; plaster”), Middle Mon gapuiw (“lime”) > Mon ဂပဵု (həpɒ, “lime, stalked lime”), Vietnamese vôi (“lime”), Muong pôl (“lime”)), as well as Khmer កប៌ូរ (kāpōr, “camphor”).

Mayrhofer explains the anlaut-variation observed in the descendants by the Austronesian prefix-variation kar- : kam- : ka-.

• (Johor-Selangor) IPA^(key): /kapo(r)/
• (Riau-Lingga) IPA^(key): /kapʊ(r)/
• Rhymes: -apo(r), -po(r), -o(r)

kapur

1. lime (calcium oxide, quicklime)

(taking Malay as representative for all Austronesian)

• → Medieval Latin: camphora
  • → Byzantine Greek: καμφορά (kamphorá), κάμφορα (kámphora), κάμφρα (kámphra) (?), καφόρα (kaphóra), καμφούρα (kamphoúra)
    • Greek: καμφορά (kamforá), κάμφορα (kámfora)
      • → Romanian: camfor
      • → Russian: камфара́ (kamfará), ка́мфара (kámfara)
        • → Belarusian: камфара́ (kamfará), ка́мфара (kámfara)
  • Catalan: càmfora
  • → Middle High German: kampfer, gaffer
    • → Czech: kafr
    • → German: Campher, Kampfer
      • → Hungarian: kámfor
  • → Finnish: kamferi
  • Italian: canfora
    • → Russian: камфо́ра (kamfóra)
      • → Armenian: կամֆորա (kamfora)
  • Old French: camphore, camphre
    • → English: camphor
    • French: camphre
    • → Middle English: camphire, caumfre
      • English: camphire
  • → Old Polish: kampor
    • Polish: kamfora
      • → Belarusian: камфо́ра (kamfóra), (Old Belarusian) камфоръ (kamfórъ), (dialectal) кампор (kampór), кампора (kampóra),
  • Portuguese: cânfora
  • → Serbo-Croatian:
    • Cyrillic: ка̑мфор
    • Latin: kȃmfor
  • → Slovak: kamfor, gáfor
  • → Slovene: kamfor
• Indonesian: kapur
• → Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭠𐭯𐭥𐭫‎ (kʾp̄wl /kāpūr/)
  • → Arabic: كَافُور‎ (kāfūr)
    • Andalusian Arabic: الكافور‎ (alkafúr)
      • → Spanish: alcanfor
        • → Tagalog: alkampor
      • → Portuguese: alcânfora
    • → Byzantine Greek: καφουρά (kaphourá), καφούρα (kaphoúra)
      • Greek: καφουρά (kafourá)
    • → Georgian: ქაფური (kapuri)
    • → Kurdish:

      Northern Kurdish: kafûr

      Central Kurdish: کافوور‎ (kafûr)

      Southern Kurdish: کافوور‎ (kafûr)

    • → Latin: caphura
      • → Albanian: kamfuri (?)
    • → Persian: کافور‎ (kāfūr)
      • → Middle Armenian: քաֆուր (kʿafur)
        • Armenian: քաֆուր (kʿafur)
    • → Turkish: kâfur
  • → Aramaic:
    • Classical Syriac: ܟܐܦܘܪ‎ (kāp̄ūr)
    • Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כאפור‎ (kāp̄ūr)
  • → Old Armenian: քափուր (kʿapʿur), կափուր (kapʿur)
    • Armenian: քափուր (kʿapʿur)
• → Sanskrit: कर्पुर (karpura)
  • Gujarati: કપૂર (kapūr)
  • → Kannada: ಕರ್ಪೂರ (karpūra)
  • → Malayalam: കര്‍പ്പൂരം (kar‍ppūraṃ)
  • Marathi: कापूर (kāpūr)
  • Nepali: कपुर (kapur)
  • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀓𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀽𑀭 (kappūra)
    • Hindi: कपूर (kapūr)
  • → Sinhalese: කපුරු (kapuru)
  • → Tamil: கற்பூரம் (kaṟpūram)
  • → Telugu: కర్పూరము (karpūramu)
• → Pali: कप्पूर (kappūra)
• → Sogdian: ܟܦܐܘܪ‎ (kpʾwr /kapūr/)
• → Korean: 캠퍼 (kaempeo)
• → Japanese: カンフル (kanfuru)

• Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 68
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 175
• Lokotsch, Karl (1927) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, § 1100, page 88b