inclure
French
Etymology
Borrowed from Latin includō, inclūdere, with conjugation modeled on clore; compare the inherited doublet enclore.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɛ̃.klyʁ/
Verb
inclure
Conjugation
This verb is one of a few verbs in -clure where the past participle is in -us(e) instead of -u(e).
Conjugation of inclure (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| present participle | incluant /ɛ̃.kly.ɑ̃/ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| past participle | inclus /ɛ̃.kly/ | ||||||
| infinitive | |||||||
| simple | inclure | ||||||
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| gerund1 | |||||||
| simple | incluant /ɛ̃.kly.ɑ̃/ | ||||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | inclus /ɛ̃.kly/ |
inclus /ɛ̃.kly/ |
inclut /ɛ̃.kly/ |
incluons /ɛ̃.kly.ɔ̃/ |
incluez /ɛ̃.kly.e/ |
incluent /ɛ̃.kly/ |
| imperfect | incluais /ɛ̃.kly.ɛ/ |
incluais /ɛ̃.kly.ɛ/ |
incluait /ɛ̃.kly.ɛ/ |
incluions /ɛ̃.kly.jɔ̃/ |
incluiez /ɛ̃.kly.je/ |
incluaient /ɛ̃.kly.ɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | inclus /ɛ̃.kly/ |
inclus /ɛ̃.kly/ |
inclut /ɛ̃.kly/ |
inclûmes /ɛ̃.klym/ |
inclûtes /ɛ̃.klyt/ |
inclurent /ɛ̃.klyʁ/ | |
| future | inclurai /ɛ̃.kly.ʁe/ |
incluras /ɛ̃.kly.ʁa/ |
inclura /ɛ̃.kly.ʁa/ |
inclurons /ɛ̃.kly.ʁɔ̃/ |
inclurez /ɛ̃.kly.ʁe/ |
incluront /ɛ̃.kly.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | inclurais /ɛ̃.kly.ʁɛ/ |
inclurais /ɛ̃.kly.ʁɛ/ |
inclurait /ɛ̃.kly.ʁɛ/ |
inclurions /ɛ̃.kly.ʁjɔ̃/ |
incluriez /ɛ̃.kly.ʁje/ |
incluraient /ɛ̃.kly.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | inclue /ɛ̃.kly/ |
inclues /ɛ̃.kly/ |
inclue /ɛ̃.kly/ |
incluions /ɛ̃.kly.jɔ̃/ |
incluiez /ɛ̃.kly.je/ |
incluent /ɛ̃.kly/ |
| imperfect2 | inclusse /ɛ̃.klys/ |
inclusses /ɛ̃.klys/ |
inclût /ɛ̃.kly/ |
inclussions /ɛ̃.kly.sjɔ̃/ |
inclussiez /ɛ̃.kly.sje/ |
inclussent /ɛ̃.klys/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | inclus /ɛ̃.kly/ |
— | incluons /ɛ̃.kly.ɔ̃/ |
incluez /ɛ̃.kly.e/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 Only usable with preposition en. | |||||||
| 2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Derived terms
Further reading
- “inclure” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
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