extenuate

From Latin extenuātus, past participle of extenuāre (“to make thin, loosen, weaken”) from ex (“out”) + tenuāre (“to make thin”), from tenuis (“thin”).

• IPA^(key): /ɪkˈstɛnjueɪt/

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extenuate (third-person singular simple present extenuates, present participle extenuating, simple past and past participle extenuated)

1. (transitive) To make thin or slender; to draw out so as to lessen the thickness.
   • 1681, Nehemiah Grew, Musaeum Regalis Societatis

     His body behind the head becomes broad, from whence it is again extenuated all the way to the tail.

   • 1849, Charlotte Brontë, Shirley

     To this extenuated spectre, perhaps, a crumb is not thrown once a year, but when ahungered and athirst to famine—when all humanity has forgotten the dying tenant of a decaying house—Divine Mercy remembers the mourner […]

2. (intransitive) To become thinner.
3. (transitive) To lessen; to palliate; to lessen or weaken the force of; to diminish the conception of, as crime, guilt, faults, ills, accusations, etc.
   • 1599, William Shakespeare, Much Ado About Nothing, Act 4 Scene 1

     CLAUDIO. I know what you would say: if I have known her,

     You'll say she did embrace me as a husband,

     And so extenuate the 'forehand sin: No, Leonato,

     I never tempted her with word too large;

     But, as a brother to his sister, show'd

     Bashful sincerity and comely love.

   • '1833, Isaac Taylor, Saturday Evening

     Let us then contemplate this companion of our existence;—and let us extenuate, conceal, adorn the unpleasing reality.

4. (obsolete) To lower or degrade; to detract from.
   • 1667, John Milton, “Book X”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: Printed [by Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […] [a]nd by Robert Boulter […] [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], OCLC 228722708; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: The Text Exactly Reproduced from the First Edition of 1667: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, OCLC 230729554:

     Who can extenuate thee?

• (lessen; diminish): mitigate

• (lessen; diminish): aggravate

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ek.ste.nuˈaː.te/, [ɛk.stɛ.nʊˈaː.tɛ]

extenuāte

1. second-person plural present active imperative of extenuō