espier
English
Noun
espier (plural espiers)
- One who espies.
- (Can we find and add a quotation of Harmar to this entry?)
Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing.
(See the entry for espier in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.)
Middle French
Conjugation
- Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
Conjugation of espier
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | espier | avoir espié | |||||
| gerund | en espiant | Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| present participle | espiant | ||||||
| past participle | espié | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | ie (may be i' before a vowel) | tu | il | nous | vous | ilz, elles | |
| simple tenses |
present | espie | espies | espie | espions | espiez | espient |
| imperfect | espiois, espioys | espiois, espioys | espioit, espioyt | espiions, espiyons | espiiez, espiyez | espioient, espioyent | |
| past historic | espia | espias | espia | espiasmes | espiastes | espierent | |
| future | espierai, espieray | espieras | espiera | espierons | espierez | espieront | |
| conditional | espierois, espieroys | espierois, espieroys | espieroit, espieroyt | espierions, espieryons | espieriez, espieryez | espieroient, espieroyent | |
| compound tenses |
present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | Use the past historic tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que ie | que tu | qu'il | que nous | que vous | qu'ilz, qu'elles | |
| simple tenses |
present | espie | espies | espie | espions | espiez | espient |
| imperfect | espiasse | espiasses | espiast | espiassions | espiassiez | espiassent | |
| compound tenses |
past | Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nous | vous | – | |
| — | espie | — | espions | espiez | — | ||
Old French
Alternative forms
- aspier
Etymology
From Vulgar Latin *spiō (“to spy, espy”), from Frankish *spehōn (“to spy, watch”).
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Conjugation of espier (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | espier | avoir espïé | |||||
| gerund | en espiant | Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| present participle | espiant | ||||||
| past participle | espïé | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
| simple tenses |
present | espi | espïes | espïe | espions | espïez | espïent |
| imperfect | espioie, espïeie, espioe, espïeve | espioies, espïeies, espioes, espïeves | espioit, espïeit, espiot, espïeve | espiiiens, espiiens | espiiiez, espiiez | espioient, espïeient, espioent, espïevent | |
| preterite | espiai | espias | espia | espiames | espiastes | espïerent | |
| future | espïerai | espïeras | espïera | espïerons | espïeroiz, espïereiz, espïerez | espïeront | |
| conditional | espïeroie, espïereie | espïeroies, espïereies | espïeroit, espïereit | espïeriiens, espïeriens | espïeriiez, espïeriez | espïeroient, espïereient | |
| compound tenses |
present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | Use the preterite tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
| simple tenses |
present | espi | espis | espit | espions | espïez | espïent |
| imperfect | espiasse | espiasses | espiast | espiissons, espiissiens | espiissoiz, espiissez, espiissiez | espiassent | |
| compound tenses |
past | Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
| — | espïe | — | espions | espïez | — | ||
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