effrayer
French
Etymology
From Middle French effreer, from Old French esfroier, esfreer, esfraer (whence also English affray), from a Vulgar Latin *exfridāre, itself of Germanic origin (with the prefix ex- added), from a Frankish *friþu (“security, peace”), from Proto-Germanic *friþuz (“peace”), from *frijōną (“to free; to love”), from Proto-Indo-European *prāy-, *prēy- (“to like, love”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /e.fʁɛ.je/, /e.fʁe.je/
audio (file)
Conjugation
This is a regular -er verb as far as pronunciation is concerned, but as with other verbs in -ayer (such as payer and essayer, the <y> of its stem may optionally be written as <i> when it precedes a silent <e> (compare verbs in -eyer, which never have this spelling change, and verbs in -oyer and -uyer, which always have it; verbs in -ayer belong to both groups, according to the writer's preference).
Conjugation of effrayer (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| present participle | effrayant /e.fʁɛ.jɑ̃/ or /e.fʁe.jɑ̃/ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| past participle | effrayé /e.fʁɛ.je/ or /e.fʁe.je/ | ||||||
| infinitive | |||||||
| simple | effrayer | ||||||
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| gerund1 | |||||||
| simple | effrayant /e.fʁɛ.jɑ̃/ or /e.fʁe.jɑ̃/ | ||||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | effraye or effraie /e.fʁɛj/ or /e.fʁɛ/ |
effrayes or effraies /e.fʁɛj/ or /e.fʁɛ/ |
effraye or effraie /e.fʁɛj/ or /e.fʁɛ/ |
effrayons /e.fʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /e.fʁe.jɔ̃/ |
effrayez /e.fʁɛ.je/ or /e.fʁe.je/ |
effrayent or effraient /e.fʁɛj/ or /e.fʁɛ/ |
| imperfect | effrayais /e.fʁɛ.jɛ/ or /e.fʁe.jɛ/ |
effrayais /e.fʁɛ.jɛ/ or /e.fʁe.jɛ/ |
effrayait /e.fʁɛ.jɛ/ or /e.fʁe.jɛ/ |
effrayions /e.fʁɛj.jɔ̃/ or /e.fʁej.jɔ̃/ |
effrayiez /e.fʁɛj.je/ or /e.fʁej.je/ |
effrayaient /e.fʁɛ.jɛ/ or /e.fʁe.jɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | effrayai /e.fʁɛ.je/ or /e.fʁe.je/ |
effrayas /e.fʁɛ.ja/ or /e.fʁe.ja/ |
effraya /e.fʁɛ.ja/ or /e.fʁe.ja/ |
effrayâmes /e.fʁɛ.jam/ or /e.fʁe.jam/ |
effrayâtes /e.fʁɛ.jat/ or /e.fʁe.jat/ |
effrayèrent /e.fʁɛ.jɛʁ/ or /e.fʁe.jɛʁ/ | |
| future | effrayerai or effraierai /e.fʁɛj.ʁe/ or /e.fʁɛ.ʁe/ |
effrayeras or effraieras /e.fʁɛj.ʁa/ or /e.fʁɛ.ʁa/ |
effrayera or effraiera /e.fʁɛj.ʁa/ or /e.fʁɛ.ʁa/ |
effrayerons or effraierons /e.fʁɛj.ʁɔ̃/ or /e.fʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ |
effrayerez or effraierez /e.fʁɛj.ʁe/ or /e.fʁɛ.ʁe/ |
effrayeront or effraieront /e.fʁɛj.ʁɔ̃/ or /e.fʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | effrayerais or effraierais /e.fʁɛj.ʁɛ/ or /e.fʁɛ.ʁɛ/ |
effrayerais or effraierais /e.fʁɛj.ʁɛ/ or /e.fʁɛ.ʁɛ/ |
effrayerait or effraierait /e.fʁɛj.ʁɛ/ or /e.fʁɛ.ʁɛ/ |
effrayerions or effraierions /e.fʁɛ.jə.ʁjɔ̃/ or /e.fʁɛ.ʁjɔ̃/ |
effrayeriez or effraieriez /e.fʁɛ.jə.ʁje/ or /e.fʁɛ.ʁje/ |
effrayeraient or effraieraient /e.fʁɛj.ʁɛ/ or /e.fʁɛ.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | effraye or effraie /e.fʁɛj/ or /e.fʁɛ/ |
effrayes or effraies /e.fʁɛj/ or /e.fʁɛ/ |
effraye or effraie /e.fʁɛj/ or /e.fʁɛ/ |
effrayions /e.fʁɛj.jɔ̃/ or /e.fʁej.jɔ̃/ |
effrayiez /e.fʁɛj.je/ or /e.fʁej.je/ |
effrayent or effraient /e.fʁɛj/ or /e.fʁɛ/ |
| imperfect2 | effrayasse /e.fʁɛ.jas/ or /e.fʁe.jas/ |
effrayasses /e.fʁɛ.jas/ or /e.fʁe.jas/ |
effrayât /e.fʁɛ.ja/ or /e.fʁe.ja/ |
effrayassions /e.fʁɛ.ja.sjɔ̃/ or /e.fʁe.ja.sjɔ̃/ |
effrayassiez /e.fʁɛ.ja.sje/ or /e.fʁe.ja.sje/ |
effrayassent /e.fʁɛ.jas/ or /e.fʁe.jas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | effraye or effraie /e.fʁɛj/ or /e.fʁɛ/ |
— | effrayons /e.fʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /e.fʁe.jɔ̃/ |
effrayez /e.fʁɛ.je/ or /e.fʁe.je/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 Only usable with preposition en. | |||||||
| 2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Synonyms
Related terms
Further reading
- “effrayer” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
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