cysgu
Welsh
cysgu
Alternative forms
- cysgaid (obsolete)
- cysgwyd (obsolete)
Etymology
From Middle Welsh kyscu, from Proto-Brythonic *kuskɨd, from Proto-Celtic *kuɸsketi (compare Cornish koska, Breton kousket), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewb- (compare Latin cubō (“I recline”)).
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ˈkəsɡɨ̞/, [ˈkʰəskɨ̞]
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˈkəsɡi/, [ˈkʰəski]
Verb
cysgu (first-person singular present cysgaf)
- (intransitive) sleep (rest in state of reduced consciousness)
Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | cysgaf | cysgi | cwsg, cysga | cysgwn | cysgwch | cysgant | cysgir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
cysgwn | cysgit | cysgai | cysgem | cysgech | cysgent | cysgid | |
| preterite | cysgais | cysgaist | cysgodd | cysgasom | cysgasoch | cysgasant | cysgwyd | |
| pluperfect | cysgaswn | cysgasit | cysgasai | cysgasem | cysgasech | cysgasent | cysgasid, cysgesid | |
| present subjunctive | cysgwyf | cysgych | cysgo | cysgom | cysgoch | cysgont | cysger | |
| imperative | — | cwsg, cysga | cysged | cysgwn | cysgwch | cysgent | cysger | |
| verbal noun | cysgu | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | cysgedig | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | cysga i, cysgaf i | cysgi di | cysgith o/e/hi, cysgiff e/hi | cysgwn ni | cysgwch chi | cysgan nhw |
| conditional | cysgwn i, cysgswn i | cysget ti, cysgset ti | cysgai fo/fe/hi, cysgsai fo/fe/hi | cysgen ni, cysgsen ni | cysgech chi, cysgsech chi | cysgen nhw, cysgsen nhw |
| preterite | cysgais i, cysges i | cysgaist ti, cysgest ti | cysgodd o/e/hi | cysgon ni | cysgoch chi | cysgon nhw |
| imperative | — | cysga | — | — | cysgwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
- Alternative verbal adjective: cysgiedig
Mutation
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| cysgu | gysgu | nghysgu | chysgu |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
- Angharad Fychan and Ann Parry Owen, editors (2014), “cysgaf”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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