brayer
English
Pronunciation
- Rhymes: -eɪə(r)
Noun
brayer (plural brayers)
- (printing) A hand printing tool, in the US often a roller, used to spread a thin even layer of ink. Early brayers, consisting of a vertical cylinder with a single handle, were designed to break up thick inks before spreading.
- One who brays, or makes the sound of a donkey.
- (Can we find and add a quotation of Alexander Pope to this entry?)
French
Etymology
From Old French, from Old Norse bræða (“melt; make oil, tar, pitch”).
Conjugation
This is a regular -er verb as far as pronunciation is concerned, but as with other verbs in -ayer (such as payer and essayer, the <y> of its stem may optionally be written as <i> when it precedes a silent <e> (compare verbs in -eyer, which never have this spelling change, and verbs in -oyer and -uyer, which always have it; verbs in -ayer belong to both groups, according to the writer's preference).
Conjugation of brayer (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| present participle | brayant /bʁɛ.jɑ̃/ or /bʁe.jɑ̃/ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| past participle | brayé /bʁɛ.je/ or /bʁe.je/ | ||||||
| infinitive | |||||||
| simple | brayer | ||||||
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| gerund1 | |||||||
| simple | brayant /bʁɛ.jɑ̃/ or /bʁe.jɑ̃/ | ||||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | braye or braie /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
brayes or braies /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
braye or braie /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
brayons /bʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /bʁe.jɔ̃/ |
brayez /bʁɛ.je/ or /bʁe.je/ |
brayent or braient /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
| imperfect | brayais /bʁɛ.jɛ/ or /bʁe.jɛ/ |
brayais /bʁɛ.jɛ/ or /bʁe.jɛ/ |
brayait /bʁɛ.jɛ/ or /bʁe.jɛ/ |
brayions /bʁɛj.jɔ̃/ or /bʁej.jɔ̃/ |
brayiez /bʁɛj.je/ or /bʁej.je/ |
brayaient /bʁɛ.jɛ/ or /bʁe.jɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | brayai /bʁɛ.je/ or /bʁe.je/ |
brayas /bʁɛ.ja/ or /bʁe.ja/ |
braya /bʁɛ.ja/ or /bʁe.ja/ |
brayâmes /bʁɛ.jam/ or /bʁe.jam/ |
brayâtes /bʁɛ.jat/ or /bʁe.jat/ |
brayèrent /bʁɛ.jɛʁ/ or /bʁe.jɛʁ/ | |
| future | brayerai or braierai /bʁɛj.ʁe/ or /bʁɛ.ʁe/ |
brayeras or braieras /bʁɛj.ʁa/ or /bʁɛ.ʁa/ |
brayera or braiera /bʁɛj.ʁa/ or /bʁɛ.ʁa/ |
brayerons or braierons /bʁɛj.ʁɔ̃/ or /bʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ |
brayerez or braierez /bʁɛj.ʁe/ or /bʁɛ.ʁe/ |
brayeront or braieront /bʁɛj.ʁɔ̃/ or /bʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | brayerais or braierais /bʁɛj.ʁɛ/ or /bʁɛ.ʁɛ/ |
brayerais or braierais /bʁɛj.ʁɛ/ or /bʁɛ.ʁɛ/ |
brayerait or braierait /bʁɛj.ʁɛ/ or /bʁɛ.ʁɛ/ |
brayerions or braierions /bʁɛ.jə.ʁjɔ̃/ or /bʁɛ.ʁjɔ̃/ |
brayeriez or braieriez /bʁɛ.jə.ʁje/ or /bʁɛ.ʁje/ |
brayeraient or braieraient /bʁɛj.ʁɛ/ or /bʁɛ.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | braye or braie /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
brayes or braies /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
braye or braie /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
brayions /bʁɛj.jɔ̃/ or /bʁej.jɔ̃/ |
brayiez /bʁɛj.je/ or /bʁej.je/ |
brayent or braient /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
| imperfect2 | brayasse /bʁɛ.jas/ or /bʁe.jas/ |
brayasses /bʁɛ.jas/ or /bʁe.jas/ |
brayât /bʁɛ.ja/ or /bʁe.ja/ |
brayassions /bʁɛ.ja.sjɔ̃/ or /bʁe.ja.sjɔ̃/ |
brayassiez /bʁɛ.ja.sje/ or /bʁe.ja.sje/ |
brayassent /bʁɛ.jas/ or /bʁe.jas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | braye or braie /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
— | brayons /bʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /bʁe.jɔ̃/ |
brayez /bʁɛ.je/ or /bʁe.je/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 Only usable with preposition en. | |||||||
| 2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
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