< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gruda

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative reconstructions
  • *grǫda

Etymology

Likely a collective form of Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”). Cognates include Latvian graûds (“grain”), Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”), Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”).

Noun

*grùda f [1][2][3][4]

  1. heap, lump

Alternative reconstructions
  • *grudъ m
  • *grudь f

Inflection
Declension of *grùda (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *grùda *grùdě *grùdy
Accusative *grùdǫ *grùdě *grùdy
Genitive *grùdy *grùdu *grùdъ
Locative *grùdě *grùdu *grùdasъ, *grùdaxъ*
Dative *grùdě *grùdama *grùdamъ
Instrumental *grùdojǫ, *grùdǭ** *grùdama *grùdamī
Vocative *grùdo *grùdě *grùdy
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms
  • *gruditi (“to lump, to pile”)
  • *grudati (“to clump together”)
  • *grudъka (“tuber (of plants)”)
  • *grudьnъ (“heinous, lousy; November, late autumn”)
  • *grumę (“bush, shrub”)

Descendants

Further reading

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*grǫ̀da; *grǫdъ; *grùda; *grudъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 192: “f. ā; m. o; f. ā (a) ‘heap, lump’”
  2. Olander, Thomas (2001), “gruda”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (SA 155; RPT 107, 110)”
  3. Olander, Thomas (2001), “grǫdъ grǫda”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b hill (NA 122; SA 21)”
  4. Snoj, Marko (2016), “grúda”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar, Ljubljana: Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, →ISBN: “*grűda”
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