Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/granica

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

*grana (“branch”) +‎ *-ica, originally meaning "sharp branch, sharp tip, apex".

Noun

*granìca f

Inflection

Declension of *granìca (soft a-stem, accent paradigm a)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*granìca	*granìci	*granìcę̇
Accusative	*granìcǫ	*granìci	*granìcę̇
Genitive	*granìcę̇	*granìcu	*granìcь
Locative	*granìcī	*granìcu	*granìcāsъ
Dative	*granìcī	*granìcama	*granìcāmъ
Instrumental	granìcējǫ, granìcǭ^*	*granìcama	*granìcāmī
Vocative	*granìce	*granìci	*granìcę̇

^* The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Belarusian: грані́ца (hraníca)
- Russian: грани́ца (graníca)
- Ukrainian: грани́ця (hranýcja)
South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: гра́ница (gránica)
- Macedonian: граница (granica)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: гра̀ница
  
  Latin: grànica
- Slovene: grȃnica (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Czech: hranice
- Kashubian: greńca
- Old Polish: granica, grańca
  - Polish: granica
  - → Middle Low German: grenitse, grense (descendants below are reinforced by modern German)
    - German Low German: Grenz
    - Danish: grænse
    - Dutch: grens
    - Norwegian: grense
    - Swedish: gräns
  - → Middle High German: graniza, grenize, greniz
    - Early Modern German: Gränze (pre-1901)
      - German: Grenze
- Slovak: hranica
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: granica
  - Upper Sorbian: hranica

Other:

→ Albanian: granë
→ Hungarian: gránic
→ Romanian: graniță

References

Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “граница”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
Gluhak, Alemko (1993) Hrvatski etimološki rječnik (in Serbo-Croatian), Zagreb: August Cesarec, page 244

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