Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/Háćwas

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos.[1][2][3]

Noun

*Háćwas m [1][2][3]

horse
Synonym: *ȷ́ʰáyas

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Háćwas	*Háćwā	*Háćwā, -ās(as)
vocative	*Háćwa	*Háćwā	*Háćwā, -ās(as)
accusative	*Háćwam	*Háćwā	*Háćwāns
instrumental	*Háćwā	*HáćwaybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*Háćwāyš
ablative	*Háćwāt	*HáćwaybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*Háćwaybʰyas
dative	*Háćwāy	*HáćwaybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*Háćwaybʰyas
genitive	*Háćwasya	*Háćwayās	*Háćwāna(H)m
locative	*Háćway	*Háćwayaw	*Háćwayšu

Descendants

Indo-Aryan: *Háśwas
- Sanskrit: अश्व (áśva)
  - Dardic: *ášpa
    - Shina: اَںشپوࣿ‎ (ä̃špo)
    - Kalasha: hãš
  - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀆𑀲 (āsa)
  - Pali: assa
  - Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲 (assa)
    - Rajasthani: अस (as)
- → Hurrian: 𒀸𒋗𒉿 (aš-šu-wa)
- → Nuristani: *úšpa (see there for further descendants)
Iranian: *Háćwah[2] (see there for further descendants)
→ Northeast Caucasian: *Wci[4]
- Avaro-Andian: *ʔičʷa
  - Akhvakh: ичва
  - Avar: чу (ču)
- Dargwa: урчи (urči)
- Khinalug: пши (pši)
- Lak: чву (čwu)
→ Circassian: *chə[4]
- Abkhaz: а-ҽы́ (ā-čə́)
→ Kartvelian: [Term?]
- Georgian: [script needed] (acu'ca), [script needed] (acua)

References

Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “*áśva-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 139-140
Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*āśu̯a-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 243-246
Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “áśva-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
Witzel, Michael (2002) Early Loan Words in Western Central Asia: Substrates, Migrations and Trade‎