Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þiudiskaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *þeudō +‎ *-iskaz.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθiu̯.ðis.kɑz/

Adjective

*þiudiskaz

of the people, popular
of the tribe

Inflection

Declension of *þiudiskaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*þiudiskaz	*þiudiskai	*þiudiskō	*þiudiskôz	*þiudiską, -atō	*þiudiskō
Accusative	*þiudiskanǭ	*þiudiskanz	*þiudiskǭ	*þiudiskōz	*þiudiską, -atō	*þiudiskō
Genitive	*þiudiskas, -is	*þiudiskaizǫ̂	*þiudiskaizōz	*þiudiskaizǫ̂	*þiudiskas, -is	*þiudiskaizǫ̂
Dative	*þiudiskammai	*þiudiskaimaz	*þiudiskaizōi	*þiudiskaimaz	*þiudiskammai	*þiudiskaimaz
Instrumental	*þiudiskanō	*þiudiskaimiz	*þiudiskaizō	*þiudiskaimiz	*þiudiskanō	*þiudiskaimiz

Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*þiudiskô	*þiudiskaniz	*þiudiskǭ	*þiudiskōniz	*þiudiskô	*þiudiskōnō
Accusative	*þiudiskanų	*þiudiskanunz	*þiudiskōnų	*þiudiskōnunz	*þiudiskô	*þiudiskōnō
Genitive	*þiudiskiniz	*þiudiskanǫ̂	*þiudiskōniz	*þiudiskōnǫ̂	*þiudiskiniz	*þiudiskanǫ̂
Dative	*þiudiskini	*þiudiskammaz	*þiudiskōni	*þiudiskōmaz	*þiudiskini	*þiudiskammaz
Instrumental	*þiudiskinē	*þiudiskammiz	*þiudiskōnē	*þiudiskōmiz	*þiudiskinē	*þiudiskammiz

Descendants

In the late Middle Ages, the word acquired a specialized sense referring to vernacular Germanic languages on the continent, specifically, Dutch, German, and Low German, which were not strongly distinguished from each other at the time, as opposed to the Latin of the scholarly elite and the Church. Because of the Holy Roman Empire's preeminence, the word narrowed in meaning to refer solely to German in most languages, with English Dutch, and archaic Dutch Diets (“Middle Dutch”) being notable exceptions.

Old English: þēodisc
- Middle English: thedisch, þedisch
Old Frisian: thiōsk
- West Frisian: Tsjutsk (“German”) (obsolete)
Old Saxon: thiudisk
- Middle Low German: düdesch
  - Low German:
    - German Low German:
      Altmärkisch: dütsch
      Bremisch: dütsch
      Dithmarsisch: dütsch
      Hamburgisch: dütsch, düütsch
      Eastphalian: duitsch
    - Westphalian:
      Münsterländisch: dütsk; Dütsk
      Osnabrückisch: düütsk
      Paderbornisch: duitsk
      Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: duütsk
      Suerländer-Märkisch: duͤdsk
      Sauerländisch: duitsk
      Westmünsterländisch: düüts, düütsk
  - Plautdietsch: dietsch
Old Dutch: *thiudisc
- Middle Dutch: dietsch
  - Dutch: Diets (“Middle Dutch”)
  - Dutch: Duits (“German”)
    - Afrikaans: Duits
  - Limburgish: Dutsj
  - → Middle English: Duch, Duche, Dewche, Dowche
    - English: Dutch
    - Scots: Dutch
  - → West Frisian: Dútsk
Old High German: diutisk, diutisc
- Middle High German: diutsc
  - Alemannic German: tüütsch, dütsch, düütsch, Dütsch, Ditsch, Dytsch
    Swabian: deitsch, daitsch
    Walser: töitsch, titsch, tittschu, titzsch
  - Bavarian: daitsch, deitsch, taitsch
    Cimbrian: tòiz, tauč, taütsch, taütsch
    Gottscheerish: taitš
    Mòcheno: taitsch
  - Central Franconian: dütsch, döksch, deitsch
    Hunsrik: Deitsch, taytx
    Kölsch: duetsch
  - East Central German: deitsch
    Silesian German: deitsch, doitsch (Glätzisch)
    Upper Saxon: Deitsch, deidsch
  - German: deutsch; Deutsch
    - → English: Deutsch
    - → Mandarin: 德意志 (Déyìzhì)
      - → Cantonese: 德意志 (dak1 ji3 zi3)
  - Luxembourgish: däitsch; Däitsch
  - Rhine Franconian: daitsch, deitsch
    Pennsylvania German: deitsch; Deitsch
  - Vilamovian: daojć
  - Yiddish: דײַטש‎ (daytsh), טײַטש‎ (taytsh)
Old Norse: þýðiskr, þýzkr
- Icelandic: þýskur
- Faroese: týskur
- Norwegian: tysk
- Old Swedish: þȳþisker, þȳzker
  - Swedish: tysk
- Old Danish: thȳthæsk, thȳzk
  - Danish: tysk
- Westrobothnian: týzk
- Elfdalian: tysk
- Gutnish: töiskar
- Scanian: týzker
Gothic: *𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (*þiudisks) (in 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 (þiudiskō, adverb))
→ Medieval Latin: theodiscus, theotiscus, thiotiscus (see there for further descendants)

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