Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ubanē

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *ub +‎ *-anē.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈu.βɑ.neː/

Adverb

*ubanē

from above

Related terms

Descendants

Because of the irregular forms between some of the directional adverbs and preposition, *ub- and *upp-, some of the daughter languages show leveling. Gothic shows an otherwise unknown full-grade *eup- leveled throughout the adverbs.[1]

Old English: ufan
- Middle English: uven
Old Frisian: ova, with -pp- uppa, oppa (also uppe, oppe, but these might be from *uppai instead)
Old Saxon: ovan, ovana, with -pp- uppan
Old Dutch: with -pp- uppan
Old High German: obana, ūfana, *ovana
- Middle High German: oben, obene, *oven
  - German: oben
  - Luxembourgish: uewen
Old Norse: ofan
- Icelandic: ofan
- Faroese: oman
- Danish: oven
- Old Swedish: ovan
  - Swedish: ovan

The West Germanic languages also extended this form with the preposition *bi.

Old English: bufan, onbufan
- English: above
Old Frisian: bova, with -pp- buppa, boppa
- West Frisian: boppe
Old Saxon: biovan
- Middle Low German: boven, baven
  - Low German: baven
Old Dutch: *bovan
- Middle Dutch: boven
  - Dutch: boven
Old High German: *bobana, *bovana
- Middle High German: bobene, boben, *boven
  - Central Franconian: bovve

References

Guus Kroonen. The Proto-Germanic N-Stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2011

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[1] Guus Kroonen. The Proto-Germanic N-Stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2011