Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kūz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws. Cognates include Armenian կով (kov), Latvian govs, Persian ‎ (gāv), Sanskrit गो (gó), Latin bōs and Irish bó.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kuːz/

Noun

*kūz f

a cow

Inflection

The exact inflection of this word is uncertain, but likely alternated between the stems *kū- and *kwō-. The former originates from an earlier *kwōu- in which the long vowel was assimilated to the adjacent labials.

consonant stemDeclension of *kūz (consonant stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*kūz	*kwōiz
vocative	*kū	*kwōiz
accusative	*kwǭ	*kwōnz
genitive	*kwōiz	*kwōǫ̂
dative	*kwōi	*kwōmaz
instrumental	*kwōē	*kwōmiz

Descendants

Old English: cū
- Middle English: cou, kow, cow, cu, ku, kowe, cowe
  - English: cow
    - Sranan Tongo: kaw
    - Tok Pisin: kau
    - → Abenaki: kaoz (from "cows")
    - → Maori: kau
  - Scots: coo, coe, cou
Old Frisian: kū
- North Frisian: ko, kø, kü
- Saterland Frisian: Ku
- West Frisian: ko
Old Saxon: kō
- Middle Low German: kô
  - German Low German: Koh, Kauh, Ko, Koo, Kuh
  - Plautdietsch: Koo
Old Dutch: cuo
- Middle Dutch: coe
  - Dutch: koe
    - Afrikaans: koei
  - Limburgish: ków
  - West Flemish: koe
Old High German: kuo
- Middle High German: kuo
  - Alemannic German: Chue
    Alsatian: Küeh
    Walser: Chua
  - Bavarian: Kuah
    Cimbrian: khua
  - Central Franconian: Koh, Kuh
  - East Franconian: Kou, Kua, Kuu
  - German: Kuh
  - Luxembourgish: Kou
  - Rhine Franconian:
    Pennsylvania German: Kuh
  - Vilamovian: kü
  - Yiddish: קו‎‎ (ku‎)
Old Norse: kýr, kó
- Icelandic: kýr
- Faroese: kúgv
- Norwegian: ku
- Old Swedish: kō
  - Swedish: ko
- Old Danish: kō
  - Danish: ko
- Elfdalian: tjyr
- Jamtish: kú
- Westrobothnian: ko
→ Samic: *kusë
- Western Samic:
  - Southern Sami: govse
  - Ume Sami: guvssa
  - Pite Sami: gussa
  - Lule Sami: gussa
  - Northern Sami: gussa
- Eastern Samic:
  - Inari Sami: kussâ
  - Skolt Sami: kuss

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