< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/helpōlausaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *helpō (“help”) +‎ *-lausaz.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈxel.pɔː.ˌlɑu̯.sɑz/

Adjective

*helpōlausaz [1]

  1. helpless

Inflection
Declension of *helpōlausaz (a-stem)
strong declension
masculine feminine neuter
singular plural singular plural singular plural
nominative *helpōlausaz *helpōlausai *helpōlausō *helpōlausôz *helpōlausą, *-atō *helpōlausō
accusative *helpōlausanǭ *helpōlausanz *helpōlausǭ *helpōlausōz *helpōlausą, *-atō *helpōlausō
genitive *helpōlausas, *helpōlausis *helpōlausaizǫ̂ *helpōlausaizōz *helpōlausaizǫ̂ *helpōlausas, *helpōlausis *helpōlausaizǫ̂
dative *helpōlausammai *helpōlausaimaz *helpōlausaizōi *helpōlausaimaz *helpōlausammai *helpōlausaimaz
instrumental *helpōlausanō *helpōlausaimiz *helpōlausaizō *helpōlausaimiz *helpōlausanō *helpōlausaimiz
weak declension
masculine feminine neuter
singular plural singular plural singular plural
nominative *helpōlausô *helpōlausaniz *helpōlausǭ *helpōlausōniz *helpōlausô *helpōlausōnō
accusative *helpōlausanų *helpōlausanunz *helpōlausōnų *helpōlausōnunz *helpōlausô *helpōlausōnō
genitive *helpōlausiniz *helpōlausanǫ̂ *helpōlausōniz *helpōlausōnǫ̂ *helpōlausiniz *helpōlausanǫ̂
dative *helpōlausini *helpōlausammaz *helpōlausōni *helpōlausōmaz *helpōlausini *helpōlausammaz
instrumental *helpōlausinē *helpōlausammiz *helpōlausōnē *helpōlausōmiz *helpōlausinē *helpōlausammiz


Descendants
  • Middle English: helpless
  • Old Frisian: helpelās
  • Middle High German: helfelōs
  • Old Norse: hjalplauss, hjalparlauss (changed to genitival compound)
    • Icelandic: hjálplaus, hjálparlaus

References
  1. Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xelpa-lausaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 168
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