< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aljaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ályos.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈɑl.jɑz/

Determiner

*aljaz [1]

  1. other, another, else
    Synonym: *anþeraz

Inflection
Declension of *aljaz (a-stem, strong only)
strong declension
masculine feminine neuter
singular plural singular plural singular plural
nominative *aljaz *aljai *aljō *aljôz *alją, *-atō *aljō
accusative *aljanǭ *aljanz *aljǭ *aljōz *alją, *-atō *aljō
genitive *aljas, *alis *aljaizǫ̂ *aljaizōz *aljaizǫ̂ *aljas, *alis *aljaizǫ̂
dative *aljammai *aljaimaz *aljaizōi *aljaimaz *aljammai *aljaimaz
instrumental *aljanō *aljaimiz *aljaizō *aljaimiz *aljanō *aljaimiz


Descendants

Among most descendants, only the genitive survives as an adverb *aljas (“other, else”), or in other formations (*aljǭ (“but”), *aljalīkô (“otherwise”)) or compounds, e.g., *aljalandijaz ~ *alilandijaz ~ *aljalandiją (“foreign country”).

  • Old English: elles (“other, different”), ele-, el- (prefix)
  • Old Frisian: elles, ellis "else, besides"
  • Old Saxon: eli-
  • Old Dutch: eli-, ele-
    • Middle Dutch: el, els (“other”)
  • Old High German: elles, alles
  • Old Norse: ella, ellar "or" (< *aljǭ)
    • Icelandic: ella (“or”)
    • Faroese: ella (“or”)
    • Norwegian: eller (“or”)
      • Norwegian Nynorsk: elles (“else, otherwise”)
      • Norwegian Bokmål: ellers (“else, otherwise”)
    • Old Swedish: ælla, ællar (“or”)
      • Swedish: eller (“or”), eljest (“else, besides”)
    • Danish: eller (“or”)
    • Gutnish: ella (“or”)
    • Westrobothnian: ell, hell, elläs, heller, eller (“or, else, otherwise”)
  • Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃 (aljis, “other”), 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (alja, “but, except”) (< *aljǭ)

Further reading
  • Ringe, Don (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*alja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 23
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