Wikimedia Foundation

Content on most Wikimedia project websites is licensed for redistribution under v3.0 of the Attribution and Share-alike Creative Commons licenses. This content is sourced from contributing volunteers and from resources with few or no copyright restrictions, such as copyleft material and works in the public domain.

The foundation operates eleven wikis that follow the free content model with their main goal being the dissemination of knowledge. These include, by launch date:

	Name: Wikipedia Description: an online encyclopedia Website: www.wikipedia.org Launched: January 15, 2001 Editions: more than 290 in over 250 languages Alexa rank: 10 (Global, January 2020)[29]		Name: Wiktionary Description: online dictionary and thesaurus Website: www.wiktionary.org Launched: December 12, 2002 Editions: more than 170 languages and in Simple English Alexa rank: 561 (Global, January 2020)[30]		Name: Wikibooks Description: a collection of textbooks Website: www.wikibooks.org Launched: July 10, 2003 Alexa rank: 2,445 (Global, January 2020)[31]
	Name: Wikiquote Description: a collection of quotations Website: www.wikiquote.org Launched: July 10, 2003 Alexa rank: 5,568 (Global, January 2020)[32]		Name: Wikivoyage Description: travel guide Website: www.wikivoyage.org Launched: July 2003 as Wikitravel Forked: December 10, 2006 (German language) Re-launched: January 15, 2013, by WMF in the English language Alexa rank: 19,792 (Global, January 2020)[33]		Name: Wikisource Description: digital library Website: wikisource.org Launched: November 24, 2003 Alexa rank: 2,934 (Global, January 2020)[34]
	Name: Wikimedia Commons Description: a repository of images, sounds, videos, and general media Website: commons.wikimedia.org Launched: September 7, 2004		Name: Wikispecies Description: taxonomic catalog of species Website: species.wikimedia.org Launched: September 14, 2004		Name: Wikinews Description: online newspaper Website: www.wikinews.org Launched: November 8, 2004 Alexa rank: 62,218 (Global, January 2020)[35]
	Name: Wikiversity Description: a collection of tutorials and courses, while also serving as a hosting point to coordinate research Website: www.wikiversity.org Launched: August 15, 2006 Alexa rank: 10,727 (Global, January 2020)[36]		Name: Wikidata Description: knowledge base Website: www.wikidata.org Launched: October 30, 2012 Alexa rank: 7,818 (Global, January 2020)[37]

Several additional projects exist to provide infrastructure or coordination of the free knowledge projects. For instance, Outreach gives guidelines for best practices on encouraging the use of Wikimedia sites. These include:

	Name: Meta-Wiki Description: central site for coordinating all projects and the Wikimedia community Website: meta.wikimedia.org		Name: Wikimedia Incubator Description: for language editions in development Website: incubator.wikimedia.org
	Name: MediaWiki Description: helps coordinate work on MediaWiki software Website: www.mediawiki.org		Name: Wikitech Alias: Wikimedia Cloud Services (WMCS), formerly known as "Wikimedia Labs" Description: technical projects and infrastructure Website: wikitech.wikimedia.org

Wikimedia movement affiliates are independent, but formally recognized, groups of people intended to work together to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement. The Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees has approved three active models for movement affiliates: chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups. Movement affiliates are intended to organize and engage in activities to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement, such as regional conferences, outreach, edit-a-thons, hackathons, public relations, public policy advocacy, GLAM engagement, and Wikimania.[38][39][40]

Recognition of a chapter and thematic organization is approved by the foundation's board. Recommendations on recognition of chapters and thematic organizations are made to the foundation's board by an Affiliations Committee, composed of Wikimedia community volunteers. The Affiliations Committee approves the recognition of individual user groups. While movement affiliates are formally recognized by the Wikimedia Foundation, they are independent of the Wikimedia Foundation, with no legal control of nor responsibility for the Wikimedia projects.[39][40][41]

The foundation began recognizing chapters in 2004.[42] In 2010, development on additional models began. In 2012, the foundation approved, finalized, and adopted the thematic organization and user group recognition models. An additional model, movement partners, was also approved but as of 27 October 2015 has not yet been finalized or adopted.[38][40][43]

Each year, an international conference called Wikimania brings the people together who are involved in the Wikimedia organizations and projects. The first Wikimania was held in Frankfurt, Germany, in 2005. Nowadays, Wikimania is organized by a committee supported usually by the national chapter, in collaboration with the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikimania has been held in cities such as Buenos Aires,[44] Cambridge,[45] Haifa,[46] Hong Kong,[47] and London.[48] In 2015, Wikimania took place in Mexico City,[49] in 2016 in Esino Lario, Italy,[50] 2017 in Montreal, 2018 in Cape Town, and 2019 in Stockholm.

Executive director Katherine Maher, 2016

In response to the growing size and popularity of Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Foundation announced a Strategic Plan to improve and sustain the Wikimedia movement. The plan was announced in July 2009, followed by a process of interviews and surveys with people from across the Wikimedia movement, including board of trustees, members of staff and volunteer editors.[51] The ongoing plan was intended to be the basis of a five-year plan to further outreach, improve content quality and quality control, and optimising operational areas such as finance and infrastructure.[52]

In December 2008, the Wikimedia Foundation announced a restricted donation grant of US$890,000 from the Stanton Foundation, to improve Wikipedia's accessibility.[53] Later named the Wikipedia Usability Initiative, the grant was used by the Wikimedia Foundation to appoint project-specific staff to the technology department.[54]

A series of surveys were conducted throughout 2009. This began with a qualitative environment survey on MediaWiki extensions, followed by a Qualitative Statistical Survey focusing on the volume of edits, the number of new users, and related statistics. In March 2009, a usability and experience study was carried out on new and non-editors of the English Wikipedia. The aim was to discover what obstacles participants encountered while editing Wikipedia, ranging from small changes to more complicated syntax such as templates. The study recruited 2500 people for in-person laboratory testing via the Wikipedia website, which was filtered down to ten participants. The results were collated and used by the technology team to improve Wikipedia's usability.[55] The Usability and Experience Study was followed up by the Usability, Experience and Progress Study in September 2009. This study recruited different new and non-editors for in-person trials on a new Wikipedia skin.[56]

The initiative ultimately culminated in a new Wikipedia skin named Vector, constructed based on the results of the usability studies. This was introduced by default in stages, beginning in May 2010.[57]

In May 2010, the Wikimedia Foundation announced the Public Policy Initiative, following a US$1.2 million donation by the Stanton Foundation. The initiative was set up to improve articles relating to public policy issues.[58] As part of the initiative, Wikipedia collaborated with ten universities to help students and professors create and maintain articles relating to public policy.[59] Volunteer editors of Wikipedia, known as "ambassadors", provided assistance to students and professors. This was either done on campus sites or online.[60]

In April 2017, the foundation was one of the founding partners in the Initiative for Open Citations.[61]

Overview of system architecture, October 2015. See server layout diagrams on Meta-Wiki.

Wikimedia Foundation servers

Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture.[62]

In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers in Florida.[63] This configuration included a single master database server running MySQL, multiple database servers, 21 web servers running the Apache HTTP Server, and seven Squid cache servers.

By December 2009, Wikimedia ran on co-located servers, with 300 servers in Florida and 44 in Amsterdam.[64] Since 2008, it also switched from multiple different Linux operating system vendors to Ubuntu Linux.[65][66]

By January 2013, Wikimedia transitioned to newer infrastructure in an Equinix facility in Ashburn, Virginia; citing reasons of "more reliable connectivity" and "fewer hurricanes".[67][68] In years prior, the hurricane seasons had been cause of distress.[63]

In October 2013, Wikimedia Foundation started looking for a second facility that would be used side by side with the main facility in Ashburn, citing reasons of redundancy (e.g. emergency fallback) and to prepare for simultaneous multi-datacentre service.[69][70] This follows the year in which a fiber cut caused the Wikimedia projects to be unavailable for one hour in August 2012.[71][72]

Apart from the second facility for redundancy coming online in 2014,[73][74] the number of servers needed to run the infrastructure in a single facility has been mostly stable since 2009. As of November 2015, the main facility in Ashburn hosts 520 servers in total, which includes servers for newer services besides Wikimedia project wikis, such as Cloud Services (Toolforge), and various services for metrics, monitoring, and other system administration.[75]

In 2017, Wikimedia Foundation deployed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore, the first of its kind in Asia.[76]

The operation of Wikimedia depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open-source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MariaDB database since 2013,[77] previously was using MySQL database.[78] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and URL redirection. MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects.

Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker.

Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of MediaWiki software. In April 2005, an Apache Lucene extension[79][80] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Currently Lucene Search 2.1,[81] which is written in Java and based on Lucene library 2.3,[82] is used. The Wikimedia Foundation also uses CiviCRM[83] and WordPress.[84]

The foundation published official Wikipedia mobile apps for Android and iOS devices and in March 2015, the apps were updated to include mobile user-friendly features.[85]

Financial development of the Wikimedia Foundation (in US$), 2003–2017

The Wikimedia Foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission.[86] It is exempt from federal income tax[86][87] and from state income tax.[86][88] It is not a private foundation, and contributions to it qualify as tax-deductible charitable contributions.[86]

The continued technical and economic growth of each of the Wikimedia projects is dependent mostly on donations, but the Wikimedia Foundation also increases its revenue by alternative means of funding such as grants, sponsorship, services and brand merchandising. The Wikimedia OAI-PMH update feed service, targeted primarily at search engines and similar bulk analysis and republishing, has been a source of revenue for several years,[86] but is no longer open to new customers.[89] DBpedia was given access to this feed free of charge.[90]

In July 2014, the foundation announced it would be accepting Bitcoin donations via digital currency exchange Coinbase, which waives its processing fees for non-profit organizations.[91]

Since the end of fiscal year ended 2004, the foundation's net assets have grown from US$57,000[92] to US$53.5 million at the end of fiscal year ended June 30, 2014.[93] Under the leadership of Sue Gardner, who joined the Wikimedia Foundation in 2007, the foundation's staff levels, number of donors and revenue have seen very significant growth.[94]

In 2007, 2008, and 2009, Charity Navigator gave Wikimedia an overall rating of three out of four possible stars,[95] increasing to four stars in 2010.[96] As of November 2019, the rating was four stars (overall score 98.14 out of 100), based on data from FY2018.[97]

The Wikimedia Foundation expenses mainly concern salaries, wages and other professional operating and services.[98]

Wikimedia Foundation and chapters finance meeting 2012, Paris

In 2008, the foundation received a US$40,000 grant by the Open Society Institute to create a printable version of Wikipedia.[99] It also received a US$262,000 grant by the Stanton Foundation to purchase hardware,[100] a US$500,000 unrestricted grant by Vinod and Neeru Khosla,[101] who later that year joined the foundation Advisory Board,[102] US$177,376 from the historians Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin foundation (Arcadia Fund), among others.[100] In March 2008, the foundation announced a large donation, at the time its largest donation yet: a three-year, US$3 million grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.[103]

In 2009, the foundation received four grants – the first grant was a US$890,000 Stanton Foundation grant which was aimed to help study and simplify user interface for first-time authors of Wikipedia.[104] The second was a US$300,000 Ford Foundation grant, given in July 2009, for Wikimedia Commons that aimed to improve the interfaces and workflows for multimedia uploading on Wikimedia websites.[105] In August 2009, the foundation received a US$500,000 grant from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.[106] Lastly, in August 2009, the Omidyar Network committed up to US$2 million over two years to Wikimedia.[107]

In 2010, Google donated US$2 million to the foundation.[108] The Stanton Foundation granted $1.2 million to fund the Public Policy Initiative, a pilot program for what would later become the Wikipedia Education Program (and the spinoff Wiki Education Foundation).[109][110][111] Also in 2010, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation pledged a US$800,000 grant and all was funded during 2011.

In March 2011, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation authorized another US$3 million grant to continue to develop and maintain the foundation's mission. The grant was to be funded over three years with the first US$1 million funded in July 2011 and the remaining US$2 million was scheduled to be funded in August 2012 and 2013. As a major donor, Doron Weber from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation gained Board Visitor status at the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees.[112] In August 2011, the Stanton Foundation pledged to fund a US$3.6 million grant of which US$1.8 million was funded and the remainder was due to be funded in September 2012. As of 2011, this was the largest grant received by the Wikimedia Foundation to-date.[113] In November 2011, the foundation received a US$500,000 donation from the Brin Wojcicki Foundation.[114][115]

In 2012, the foundation was awarded a grant of US$1.25 million from the historians Lisbet Rausing[114] and Peter Baldwin through Charities Aid Foundation, scheduled to be funded in five equal installments. The first installment of US$250,000 was received in April 2012 and the remaining were to be funded in December 2012 through 2015. In 2014, the foundation received the largest single gift in its history, a $5 million unrestricted donation from an anonymous donor supporting $1 million worth of expenses annually for the next five years.[116] In March 2012, The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, a foundation established by Intel co-founder and his wife, awarded a US$449,636 grant to develop Wikidata.[117]

Between 2014 and 2015, the foundation received US$500,000 from Monarch Fund, US$100,000 from Arcadia Fund and an undisclosed amount by Stavros Niarchos Foundation to support the Wikipedia Zero initiative.[118][119][120]

In 2015, a grant agreement was reached with the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation to build a search engine called the "Knowledge Engine".[121][122]

In 2017, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation awarded another US$3 million grant for a three-year period.[112]

The following have donated a total of US$500,000 or more, each (2008–2019):

In January 2016, the foundation announced the creation of an endowment to ensure the continuity of the project in the future. The Wikimedia Endowment was established as a collective action fund at the Tides Foundation and its goal is to raise US$100 million in the next 10 years.[123] Craig Newmark was one of the initial donors, giving US$1 million to the endowment.[124]

The Foundation provided irrevocable grants of $5 million on June 29, 2016, and $5 million on June 27, 2017, to the Tides Foundation for the purpose of the Wikimedia Endowment.[125] Another $5 million was given in the fiscal year 2017–2018. The amounts were recorded as part of the expense for awards and grants of the foundation.[4]

In 2018, Amazon.com and Facebook gave US$1 million each and George Soros donated $2 million to the endowment.[126][127][128] In January 2019, Google donated $2 million to the endowment.[129] In 2019, Peter Baldwin and his wife, Lisbet Rausing, donated $3.5 million, bringing their total Endowment giving to $8.5 million; an initial $5 million was given in 2017.[5] In 2019, Craig Newmark Philanthropies donated an additional $2.5 million to the Endowment.[130] In October 2019, Amazon donated $1 million to the Endowment.[131]

María Sefidari, the current chairperson of the Board

The foundation's board of trustees has ultimate authority of all the businesses and affairs of the foundation. It is composed of ten members:

• four who are appointed by the board itself;
• three who are selected by the community encompassed by all the different Wikimedia projects;
• two who are selected by the local chapters and thematic organizations;
• and one emeritus for the foundation's founder, Jimmy Wales.[142]

Three permanent entities support the board on its mission and responsibilities: an executive director, who leads and oversees the operational arm of the foundation; an advisory board composed of individuals selected by the board itself that advise the board on different matters; and standing committees to which the board delegates certain matters while retaining ultimate authority. The board has also at times created other orthodox entities to support itself, such as executive secretaries and ad-hoc committees established for specific tasks.

The current board comprises María Sefidari as chairman and Nataliia Tymkiv as vice-chairman, together with Tanya Capuano, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Dariusz Jemielniak as members at-large, and Jimmy Wales in the "founder's seat" (installed as "Community Founder Trustee Position" to the WMF bylaws in August 2008).[143][144] James Heilman was appointed as a community selected trustee in August 2017.[145] Raju Narisetti, CEO of Gizmodo Media Group, was appointed trustee in October 2017,[146] and Bahraini human rights activist and blogger Esra'a Al Shafei idem in November 2017.[147]

In a high-profile decision of 2015, James Heilman was removed from the board,[148][149] with little explanation.[148] (He returned in the Board in August 2017).[150] In January 2016, Arnnon Geshuri briefly joined the board before stepping down from the board following a controversy about an agreement he executed when at Google, violating United States antitrust law. The participating companies paid US$415 million in a class action suit on behalf of affected employees.[151][152]

The advisory board, according to the Wikimedia Foundation, is an international network of experts who have agreed to give the foundation meaningful help on a regular basis in many different areas, including law, organizational development, technology, policy, and outreach.[153]

Appointed members for the period from June 16, 2017 to June 30, 2018 were:[154]

In 2004, the foundation appointed Tim Starling as developer liaison to help improve the MediaWiki software, Daniel Mayer as chief financial officer (finance, budgeting, and coordination of fund drives), and Erik Möller as content partnership coordinator. In May 2005, the foundation announced seven more official appointments.[155]

In January 2006, the foundation created several committees, including the Communication Committee, in an attempt to further organize activities essentially handled by volunteers at that time.[156] Starling resigned that month to spend more time on his PhD program.

The foundation's functions were, for the first few years, executed almost entirely by volunteers. In 2005, it had only two employees, Danny Wool, a coordinator, and Brion Vibber, a software manager.

As of October 4, 2006, the foundation had five paid employees:[157] two programmers, an administrative assistant, a coordinator handling fundraising and grants, and an interim executive director,[158] Brad Patrick, previously the foundation's general counsel. Patrick ceased his activity as interim director in January 2007, and then resigned from his position as legal counsel, effective April 1, 2007. He was replaced by Mike Godwin, who served as general counsel and legal coordinator from July 2007[159] until 2010.

In January 2007, Carolyn Doran was named chief operating officer and Sandy Ordonez joined as head of communications.[160] Doran began working as a part-time bookkeeper in 2006 after being sent by a temporary agency. Doran, found to have had a long criminal record,[161] left the foundation in July 2007, and Sue Gardner was hired as consultant and special advisor (later CEO). Doran's departure from the organization was cited by Florence Devouard as one of the reasons the foundation took about seven months to release its fiscal 2007 financial audit.[162]

Exterior view of the previous Wikimedia Foundation's San Francisco headquarters at New Montgomery St in 2014.

Danny Wool, officially the grant coordinator but also largely involved in fundraising and business development, resigned in March 2007. He accused Wales of misusing the foundation's funds for recreational purposes, and said that Wales had his Wikimedia credit card taken away in part because of his spending habits, a claim Wales denied.[163] In February 2007, the foundation added a new position, chapters coordinator, and hired Delphine Ménard,[164] who had been occupying the position as a volunteer since August 2005. Cary Bass was hired in March 2007 in the position of volunteer coordinator. Oleta McHenry was brought in as accountant in May 2007, through a temporary placement agency and made the official full-time accountant in August 2007. In January 2008, the foundation appointed Veronique Kessler as the new chief financial and operating officer, Kul Wadhwa as head of business development, and Jay Walsh as head of communications.

As of December 19, 2019, the foundation had more than 350 employees and contractors.[6]

During the 2015 fundraising campaign, some members of the community voiced their concerns about the fundraising banners. They argued that they were obtrusive for users and that they could be deceiving potential donors by giving the perception that Wikipedia had immediate financial issues, which was not the case. The Wikimedia Foundation vowed to improve wording on further fundraising campaigns to avoid these issues.[185]

In June 2015, James Heilman was elected by the community to the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees.[186] In December 2015, the Board removed Heilman from his position as a Trustee,[187][188] a decision that generated substantial controversy amongst members of the Wikipedia community.[148] A statement released by the board declared the lack of confidence of his fellow trustees in him as the reasons for his ouster. Heilman later stated that he "was given the option of resigning [by the Board] over the last few weeks. As a community elected member I see my mandate as coming from the community which elected me and thus declined to do so. I saw such a move as letting down those who elected me."[189] He subsequently pointed out that while on the Board, he had pushed for greater transparency regarding the Wikimedia Foundation's controversial Knowledge Engine project and its financing,[190] and indicated that his attempts to make public the Knight Foundation grant for the engine had been a factor in his dismissal.[191]

The volunteer community re-elected him to the Wikimedia Foundation board in 2017.[150]

Knowledge Engine was a search engine project initiated in 2015 by the WMF to locate and display verifiable and trustworthy information on the Internet.[192] The goal of the KE was to be less reliant on traditional search engines and it was funded with a US$250,000 grant from the Knight Foundation.[193] The project was perceived as a scandal, mainly because it was conceived in secrecy, which was perceived as a conflict with the Wikimedia community's transparency. In fact, most of the information available to the community was received through leaked documents published by The Signpost in 2016.[194][192]

Following this controversy, Wikimedia Foundation Executive Director Lila Tretikov resigned.[195]

Wikimedia Foundation's expenses evolution by rubrics in USD.

Wales was confronted with allegations that the WMF had "a miserable cost/benefit ratio and for years now has spent millions on software development without producing anything that actually works".[150] Wales acknowledged in 2014 that he had "been frustrated as well about the endless controversies about the rollout of inadequate software not developed with sufficient community consultation and without proper incremental rollout to catch show-stopping bugs".[150]

In February 2017, an op-ed published by The Signpost, English Wikipedia online newspaper, titled Wikipedia has Cancer[196] produced a heated debate both in the Wikipedian community and the wider public. The author criticized the Wikimedia Foundation for its ever-increasing annual spending which, he argued, could put the project at financial risk should an unexpected event happen. The author proposed to put a cap on spending, build up its existing endowment, and restructure the endowment so that the WMF cannot dip into the principal when times get bad. Wikimedia Foundation Executive Director, Katherine Maher responded by pointing out that such an endowment was already created in 2016, confusing creating an endowment with building up an existing endowment.[197]

• Wikimedia Foundation companies grouped at OpenCorporates
• The Wikimedia Foundation profile at Charity Navigator, charitynavigator.org
• Organizational Profile – National Center for Charitable Statistics (Urban Institute)