Sunderland A.F.C.

Sunderland Association Football Club (/ˈsʌndərlənd/ (listen), locally /ˈsʊndlən/) is an English professional football club based in the city of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear. Sunderland play in League One, the third tier of English football. Since its formation in 1879,[1] the club has won six top-flight (First Division, now the Premier League) titles (1892, 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913 and 1936), a total only bettered by five other clubs, and has finished runners-up five times. The club has also won the FA Cup twice (1937 and 1973) and been runners-up twice (1913 and 1992), as well as winning the FA Charity Shield in 1936 and being finalists the following year. Sunderland have also been Football League Cup finalists in 1985 and 2014.

Sunderland A.F.C.
Full nameSunderland Association Football Club
Nickname(s)The Black Cats
Short nameSAFC
Founded1879 (1879)
(as Sunderland and District Teachers)
GroundStadium of Light
Capacity49,000
OwnerStewart Donald
ManagerPhil Parkinson
LeagueLeague One
2018–19League One, 5th of 24
WebsiteClub website

Sunderland play their home games at the 49,000-capacity all-seater Stadium of Light having moved from Roker Park in 1997. The original ground capacity was 42,000 which was increased to 49,000 following expansion in 2000. Sunderland have a long-standing rivalry with their neighbouring club Newcastle United, with whom they have contested the Tyne–Wear derby since 1898.

History

Early years and "the team of all talents" (1879–1908)
Team photo taken in 1884

The club was founded as 'Sunderland and District Teachers A.F.C.' by schoolmaster James Allan in what has commonly been believed to be October 1879.[2] However, evidence suggests that the club was not formally created until a year later, on 25 September 1880.[3] It was renamed as 'Sunderland A.F.C.' and became open to more than just school teachers in October 1880.[3]

John Campbell, a part of "the team of all talents", and league top scorer in Sunderland's first three titles.

Sunderland joined The Football League for the 1890–91 season.[4] They replaced Stoke, who had failed to be re-elected, becoming the first new club to join the league since its inauguration in 1888.[5] Tom Watson became Sunderland's first manager when he was appointed in 1888.[6] During the late 19th century, they were declared the "Team of All Talents" by William McGregor,[7] the founder of the league, after a 7–2 win against Aston Villa.[7] Sunderland won the league championship in the 1891–92 season, one season after joining The Football League. The club's 42 points were five clear of nearest rivals Preston North End, and this performance led The Times to describe the players as "a wonderfully fine team".[8] Sunderland successfully defended the title the following season, aided by their Scottish centre forward John Campbell, who broke the 30-goal mark for the second time in consecutive seasons. In the process, they became the first team to score 100 goals in a season, a feat not matched until 1919–20, when West Bromwich Albion set a new record.[9]

One of the earliest football paintings in the world, Thomas MM Hemy's "Sunderland v. Aston Villa 1895" depicts a match between the two most successful English teams of the decade.

Sunderland came close to winning a third successive league championship in the 1893–94 season, finishing second behind Aston Villa. However, they regained the title in the 1894–95 season, ending the season five points ahead of Everton, with Campbell becoming league top scorer for the third time.[10] After winning the English League Championship, Sunderland beat Heart of Midlothian, the champions of the Scottish League, 5–3 in a game described as the Championship of the World title match.[11][12]

Important to Campbell's success in attack were other "Team of all Talents" players from Scotland: Jimmy Hannah and Jimmy Millar.[13] Their goalkeeper Ned Doig set a 19th-century world record by not conceding any goals in 87 of his 290 top division appearances (30%).[14]

After taking Sunderland to three English League championship titles manager Watson resigned at the end of the 1895–96 season, in order to join Liverpool.[15] Robert Campbell replaced him.[15] From 1886 until 1898, Sunderland's home ground was in Newcastle Road.[16] In 1898, the club moved to what would become their home for almost a century, Roker Park.[17] Initially the ground had a capacity of 30,000.[17] However, over the following decades it was continually expanded, and at its peak would hold an official crowd of over 75,000 in a sixth round FA Cup replay against Derby County on 8 March 1933.[18] Campbell did not achieve the same playing success as former manager Watson, as Sunderland failed to win any titles in his three seasons at the club, which he left in the 1898–99 season to join Bristol City.[19]

Scotsman Alex Mackie replaced Campbell as manager for the 1899 season.[20] Following a second-place finish in 1900–01, the club won their fourth league title in the 1901–02 season, beating Everton by a three-point margin.[21] They followed this up with victory in the Sheriff of London Charity Shield, a competition featuring the best amateur and professional sides in England and precursor to the Charity Shield. Sunderland beat leading amateurs Corinthians 3–0.[22]

In December 1902, Arthur Bridgett joined Sunderland. He went on to captain the "Black Cats" for ten years and gain eleven England caps, making him the club's second most-capped England international behind Dave Watson.[23]

In 1904, Sunderland's management was embroiled in a payment scandal involving player Andrew McCombie. The club was said to have given the player £100 (£10.9 thousand today) to help him start his own business, on the understanding that he would repay the money after his benefit game.[24] However, McCombie refused to repay the money, claiming it had been a gift. An investigation conducted by the Football Association concluded that the money given to McCombie was part of a "re-signing/win/draw bonus", which violated the Association's rules. Sunderland were fined £250 (£27.1 thousand today), and six directors were suspended for two and a half years for not showing a true record of the club's financial dealings. Mackie was also suspended for three months for his involvement in the affair.[24][25]

Further league championship titles (1908–1950)

On 5 December 1908, Sunderland achieved their highest ever league win, against north-east rivals Newcastle United. They won the game 9–1; Billy Hogg and George Holley each scored hat-tricks, while Arthur Bridgett scored two.[26] Under Irish manager Bob Kyle and with Scottish Charles Thomson as captain, the club won the league again in 1913,[27] but lost their first FA Cup final 1–0 to Aston Villa, in a very tough loss.[28] This was the closest the club has come to winning the league title and the FA Cup in the same season.[29]

This period in their history also saw the goalscoring of Charlie Buchan, who went on to score 221 goals for Sunderland,[30] making himthe second highest goalscorer in the club's history, behind Bob Gurney.[31] Holley was the league's top scorer in the season before Sunderland won the title.

Two seasons later the First World War brought the league to a halt. After the league's resumption, Sunderland came close to winning another championship in the 1922–23 season, when they were runners-up to Liverpool.[32] They also came close the following season, finishing third, four points from the top of the league.[33] The club escaped relegation from the First Division by one point in the 1927–28 season despite 35 goals from Dave Halliday.

Sunderland's 1937 FA Cup winning side

The point was won in a match against Middlesbrough, and they finished in fifteenth place.[34] Halliday improved his goal scoring to 43 goals in 42 games the following season,[35] an all-time Sunderland record for goals scored in a single season.[4]

The club's sixth league championship came in the 1935–36 season under Scottish manager Johnny Cochrane.[36] They scored 109 goals during the season, with Raich Carter and Bobby Gurney each scoring 31.[37] The League championship led to Sunderland playing in the Charity Shield against FA Cup-winners Arsenal. Sunderland won the shield after goals from Eddie Burbanks and Raich Carter.[38]

Despite winning the league, the season did not go without tragedy. The young goalkeeper of the team, Jimmy Thorpe, died as a result of a kick in the head and chest after he had picked up the ball following a backpass in a game against Chelsea at Roker Park. He continued to take part until the match finished, but collapsed at home afterwards and died in hospital four days later from diabetes mellitus and heart failure 'accelerated by the rough usage of the opposing team'.[39] This tragic incident led to a change in the rules, whereby players were no longer allowed to raise their foot to a goalkeeper when he had control of the ball in his arms.[40]

They won the FA Cup the following season, after a 3–1 victory against Preston North End at Wembley Stadium.[41]

The remainder of the decade saw mid-table finishes, until the league and FA Cup were suspended for the duration of the Second World War. Some football was still played as a morale boosting exercise, in the form of the Football League War Cup. Sunderland were finalists in the tournament in 1942, but were beaten by Wolverhampton Wanderers.[42]

For Sunderland, the immediate post-war years were characterised by significant spending; the club paid £18,000 (£641 thousand today) for Carlisle United's Ivor Broadis in January 1949.[24] Broadis was also Carlisle's manager at the time, and this is the first instance of a player transferring himself to another club.[43] This, along with record-breaking transfer fees to secure the services of Len Shackleton and the Welsh international Trevor Ford, led to a contemporary nickname, the "Bank of England club".[44] The club finished third in the First Division in 1950,[45] their highest finish since the 1936 championship.

Shackleton, known as the "Clown Prince of Soccer", later admitted that the players were more a collection of talented individuals than a true team, and that "it takes time to harness and control a team of thoroughbreds. It took time to achieve the blend at Roker Park".[46] Shackleton and centre-forward Ford would never build any kind of relationship on or off the pitch however, and Ford once threatened to never play in the same Sunderland team as Shackleton until he was forced to back down by manager Bill Murray.[47] Ford was sold on to Cardiff City in November 1953.[48]

Financial troubles and three cup finals (1950–1995)

The late 1950s saw a sharp downturn in Sunderland's fortunes, and the club was once again implicated in a major financial scandal in 1957.[25] Found guilty of making payments to players in excess of the maximum wage, they were fined £5,000 (£121,000 today), and their chairman and three directors were suspended.[24][49][50] The following year, Sunderland were relegated from the highest division for the first time in their 68-year league history.[51]

Ian Porterfield's winning goal in the 1973 FA Cup Final

Sunderland's absence from the top flight lasted six years. The club came within one game of promotion back to the First Division in the 1962–63 season. Sunderland required only a draw in their final game against promotion rivals Chelsea, who had another game left to play after this match, to secure promotion. However, they were defeated,[52] and Chelsea won their last game 7–0 to clinch promotion, finishing ahead of Sunderland on goal average.[53] After the close call in the previous season, the club was promoted to Division One in 1964 after finishing in second place. Sunderland beat Charlton Athletic in the final stages of the season, where they clinched promotion with a game to spare.[54] At the end of the decade, they were again relegated to the Second Division after finishing 21st.[55]

The homecoming open top bus parade after victory in the 1973 FA Cup final

Sunderland won their last major trophy in 1973, in a 1–0 victory over Don Revie's Leeds United in the FA Cup Final.[56] A Second Division club at the time, Sunderland won the game thanks mostly to the efforts of their goalkeeper Jimmy Montgomery, who saved two of Leeds shots at goal in quick succession, one being from hot-shot Peter Lorimer.[57] Ian Porterfield scored a volley in the 30th minute to beat Leeds and take the trophy.[57] Since 1973 only two other clubs, Southampton in 1976,[58] and West Ham United in 1980,[59] have equalled Sunderland's achievement of lifting the FA Cup while playing outside the top tier of English football.

By winning the 1973 FA Cup Final, Sunderland qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the club's only appearance in European competition to date.[60] Sunderland beat Vasas Budapest 3–0 on aggregate, and were drawn against Lisbon club Sporting in the second round.[60] They won the first leg at Roker Park 2–1 but were defeated 2–0 in the away leg, and were knocked out of the competition 3–2 on aggregate.[60] After spending six seasons in the Second Division, Sunderland were promoted to Division One in the 1975–76 season; they topped the table over Bristol City by three points.[61] However, Sunderland were relegated the following season back into Division Two, without their FA Cup Final winning manager Bob Stokoe, who had resigned because of health problems at the start of the season.[62] The club celebrated its 100-year centenary in the 1979–80 season with a testimonial against an England XI side, which they lost 2–0.[63]

Sunderland appeared in their first League Cup final in 1985, but lost 1–0 to Norwich City.[64] In 1987, Sunderland saw one of the lowest points in their history, when they were relegated to the Third Division of the English league for the first time.[65] Under new chairman Bob Murray and new manager Denis Smith, the club was promoted the following season.[66] In 1990, they were promoted back to the top flight in unusual circumstances. Sunderland lost to Swindon Town in the play-off final, but Swindon's promotion was revoked after the club was found guilty of financial irregularities and Sunderland were promoted instead.[67] They stayed up for one year before being relegated on the final day of the following season.[68]

Peter Reid was appointed Sunderland manager in 1997, and served until 2002

Sunderland's next outing in a major final came in 1992 when, as a Second Division club, they returned to the FA Cup final. There was to be no repeat of the heroics of 1973, as Sunderland lost 2–0 to Liverpool.[69]

New stadium, promotions and relegations (1995–2006)

In 1995, they faced the prospect of a return to the third-tier of English football.[70] Peter Reid was brought in as manager, and quickly turned things around. Reid's time in charge had a stabilising effect; he remained manager for seven years.[71] After promotion from Division One in the 1995–96 season,[72] Sunderland began their first season in the Premier League, but finished third from the bottom and were relegated back to the First Division,[73] despite beating Manchester United,[74] Arsenal[75] and Chelsea.[76]

In 1997, Sunderland left Roker Park, their home for 99 years. Bearing fond memories of the stadium, former Sunderland player Len Shackleton said, "There will never be another place like Roker".[77] The club moved to the Stadium of Light, a 42,000-seat arena that, at the time, was the largest stadium built in England after the Second World War.[78] The capacity was later increased to 49,000.[79]

Sunderland returned to the Premier League as First Division champions in 1999 with a then-record 105 points.[80] Sunderland's 1999–2000 season started at Stamford Bridge, where Chelsea beat them 4–0.[81] However, in the return match later in the season Sunderland turned the tables on Chelsea, avenging their 4–0 defeat with a 4–1 win at the Stadium of Light.[82] Sunderland also achieved a 2–1 victory over rivals Newcastle United at St. James' Park,[81] a result which helped bring about the resignation of Newcastle's manager, Ruud Gullit.[83] At the end of the season Sunderland finished seventh, with Kevin Phillips winning the European Golden Shoe in his first top-flight season, scoring 30 goals.[84]

Another seventh-place finish in the 2000–01 season was followed by two less successful seasons, and they were relegated to the second-tier with a then-record low 19 points in 2003.[4][85] Former Ireland manager Mick McCarthy took over at the club, and, in 2005, he took Sunderland up as champions for the third time in less than 10 years.[4] However, the club's stay in the top flight was short-lived as Sunderland were once again relegated, this time with a new record-low total of 15 points. McCarthy left the club in mid-season, and he was replaced temporarily by former Sunderland player Kevin Ball.[86] The record-low 15-point performance was surpassed in the 2007–08 season by Derby County, who finished on 11 points.[87]

Drumaville Consortium takeover and Ellis Short era (2006–2016)
Former player Niall Quinn led the takeover of the club in 2006, and spent six more years at the club in the roles of manager, chairman and Director of International Development

Following Sunderland's relegation from the Premier League, the club was taken over by the Irish Drumaville Consortium,[4] headed by ex-player Niall Quinn, who appointed former Manchester United captain Roy Keane as the new manager.[88] Under Keane, the club rose steadily up the table with an unbeaten run of 17 games[89] to win promotion to the Premier League,[90] and were named winners of the Championship after beating Luton Town 5–0 at Kenilworth Road on 6 May 2007.[91] Following an inconsistent start to the 2008–09 season, Keane resigned.[92] Before the start of the following campaign, Irish-American businessman Ellis Short completed a full takeover of the club,[93] and Steve Bruce was announced as the next manager on 3 June.[94]

One of Bruce's first signings, Darren Bent, cost a club record fee of £10 million, broken a year later when they bought Ghana international Asamoah Gyan for around £13 million.[95] Sunderland started the 2010–11 season strongly, but after Bent left for Aston Villa in January 2011 in a deal potentially worth £24 million, a record transfer fee received for the club,[96] they eventually finished 10th — which was still their highest top-flight finish for 10 years.[97] After being named Sunderland's Young Player of the Year for two seasons in a row,[98] at the end of the 2010-11 season, Jordan Henderson was transferred to Liverpool FC, where he went on to become captain and win the Champions League.[99][100]

Short replaced Quinn as chairman in October 2011, with Quinn becoming Director of International Development.[101] Bruce was sacked in November 2011,[102][103] and replaced by Martin O'Neill.[104][105] In February 2012, Quinn left the club with immediate effect.[106] O'Neill was sacked in March 2013[107] and Italian Paolo Di Canio was announced as his replacement the following day.[108] The appointment prompted the immediate resignation of club Vice Chairman David Miliband due to Di Canio's "past political statements".[109] It also met opposition from the Durham Miners' Association,[110] which threatened to remove one of its mining banners from Sunderland's Stadium of Light, which is built on the former site of the Wearmouth Colliery, as a symbol of its anger over the appointment.[111][112]

Sunderland went on to avoid relegation with one game to go. Di Canio was sacked after a poor start to the 2013–14 season, and reports of a complete breakdown in relations with his players.[113] Gus Poyet was announced as his replacement,[114] and led Sunderland to the 2014 Football League Cup Final, where they were defeated 3–1 by Manchester City.[115] In March 2015 Poyet was sacked,[116] and veteran Dutchman Dick Advocaat was appointed as the club's new head coach,[117] saving the club from relegation.[118] Eight games into the 2015–16 season he resigned from the position.[119] Sam Allardyce was appointed the next manager in October 2015, and the club was again saved from relegation at the end of the season.[120]

Back-to-back relegations and sale (2016–present)

In July 2016, Allardyce left the club to be announced as manager for the English national team,[121] and former Everton and Manchester United manager David Moyes was appointed as his replacement.[122] Under Moyes, Sunderland made the worst ever start to a Premier League season, taking just two points from their opening 10 matches.[123] The club was relegated to the second tier for the first time in 10 years at the end of the 2016–17 season, finishing bottom of the table with 24 points,[124] and Moyes resigned as manager.[125] In June 2017, goalkeeper Jordan Pickford, a product of Sunderland's academy who joined the club aged eight, was transferred to Everton for a fee of £25 million, rising to a possible £30 million, a record for a British goalkeeper.[126]

Following relegation, Simon Grayson was announced as the new manager of the club.[127] Under Grayson, the club made a very poor start to the 2017–18 EFL Championship season (which was documented in the Netflix series Sunderland 'Til I Die), taking only 2 wins in 14 games. Following a 3–3 draw against Bolton, Grayson was sacked,[128] and Wales head coach Chris Coleman replaced him in November 2017.[129] In April 2018, after a second consecutive relegation, this time to League One,[130] the club was sold to a group led by Stewart Donald, the chairman of Eastleigh, and Coleman was released from his contract.[131]

St Mirren manager Jack Ross was appointed as the new manager in May 2018.[132] In the club's first season in League One they finished 5th and reached the play-off final, but lost to Charlton Athletic at Wembley. After a disappointing start to the 2019–20 season, Ross was sacked in October 2019.[133] He was replaced by former Bolton manager Phil Parkinson on 17 October.[134]

Colours and crest
Sunderland's club badge until 1972
Sunderland's club badge, used from 1972–97

Sunderland played in an all blue strip from their formation until 1884,[4] when they adopted a red and white halved strip.[135] They assumed the current strip of red and white stripes in the 1887–88 season.[136] Their badge included a ship, the upper part of the Sunderland coat of arms, a black cat, and a football in front of Sunderland's red and white stripes.[137] In 1972 the badge was changed,[138] removing the black cat but still including a ship, a football and the background of red and white stripes.[139] This badge was first used on the match day shirt in 1977, replacing the simple black 'SAFC' initials which had been used since 1973.[140] The top section and border of the badge was coloured in blue until 1991, when it changed to black.[140]

To coincide with the move from Roker Park to the Stadium of Light in 1997, Sunderland released a new crest divided into four quarters; the upper right and lower left featured their traditional red and white colours, but the ship was omitted. The upper left section features the Penshaw Monument and the lower right section shows the Wearmouth Bridge.[141] A colliery wheel at the top of the crest commemorates County Durham's mining history, and the land the Stadium of Light was built on, formerly the Monkwearmouth Colliery. The crest also contains two lions, the black cats of Sunderland, and a banner displaying the club's motto, Consectatio Excellentiae, which means "In pursuit of excellence".[141]

Stadium
Sunderland's stadium for 99 years, Roker Park
Average match attendances since 1891

Sunderland have had eight grounds throughout their history; the first was at Blue House Field in Hendon in 1879. The ground was close to the place where Sunderland formed, at Hendon Board School; at that time the rent for use of the ground was £10 (£1 thousand today).[24][142] The club then used a number of fields, one of which was near The Cedars road,[143] before relocating to Groves Field in Ashbrooke in 1882 for one season.[144] The club's third stadium was Horatio Street in Roker, the first Sunderland stadium north of the River Wear; the club played a single season there before another move,[145] this time to Abbs Field in Fulwell for two seasons. Abbs Field was notable for being the first Sunderland ground to which they charged admission.[146]

Sunderland moved to Newcastle Road in 1886. By 1898, the ground reached a capacity of 15,000 after renovations, and its rent had risen to £100 (£11.2 thousand today) a year.[24][147] Near the turn of the 20th century, Sunderland needed a bigger stadium. They returned to Roker and set up home in Roker Park. It was opened on 10 September 1898, and the home team played a match the same day against Liverpool,[148] which they won. The stadium's capacity increased to 50,000 after redevelopment with architect Archibald Leitch in 1913. Sunderland were nearly bankrupted by the cost of renovating the Main Stand, and Roker Park was put up for sale but no further action was taken. On 8 March 1933, an overcrowded Roker Park recorded the highest ever attendance at a Sunderland match, 75,118 against Derby County in a FA Cup sixth round replay.[4] Roker Park suffered a bombing in 1943, in which one corner of the stadium was destroyed. A special constable was killed while patrolling the stadium. By the 1990s, the stadium was no longer large enough, and had no room for possible expansion.[149] In January 1990, the Taylor Report was released after overcrowding at the Hillsborough Stadium resulted in 96 deaths, an incident known as the Hillsborough Disaster.[150] The report recommended that all major stadiums must be converted to an all-seater design.[151] As a result, Roker Park's capacity was reduced. It was demolished in 1997 and a housing estate built in its place.[148]

The Stadium of Light has been Sunderland's home ground since 1997.

In 1997, Sunderland moved to their present ground, Stadium of Light in Monkwearmouth, which was opened by Prince Andrew, Duke of York. Built with an original capacity of 42,000, it hosted its first game against Dutch team Ajax.[78] The stadium bears a similar name to the Portuguese club Benfica's ground Estádio da Luz, albeit in a different language.

Stadium expansion in 2000 saw the capacity increase to 49,000. A Davy lamp monument stands outside the stadium, and a miners banner was presented to the club by the Durham Miners' Association,[152] as a reminder of the Monkwearmouth Colliery pit the stadium was built on.

Supporters and rivalries

Sunderland held the seventh highest average home attendance out of the 20 clubs in the Premier League at the end of the 2013–14 season with an average of 41,089,[153] and held the sixth highest average attendance in the 2014–15 season with an average of over 43,000.[154] Sunderland fans often sell out allocations for away games: in the 2013–14 season, 9,000[155] Sunderland fans attended Old Trafford for the second leg of the Football League Cup semi-final, which they won to go through to the final. At Wembley, London was taken over by thousands of Mackems, the sights of Covent Garden and Leicester Square were awash with red and white, local shops completely sold out of alcohol but only one arrest was reported by the police.[156] Support is drawn from across the North East, in particular County Durham,[157] and beyond. The club has many supporter branches across the world, including the United States, Australia, Canada, Cambodia, and Greece.[158] According to YouGov statistics, supporters of Sunderland predominantly lean to the political left,[159] and often sing "The Red Flag" during games.[160]

Traditionally, Sunderland's main rivals are Newcastle United, with whom they contest the Tyne–Wear derby. The club shared a rivalry with the now defunct Sunderland Albion in the 1880s and 1890s, a breakaway club formed by Sunderland's founder James Allan.[161] In recent seasons the club has also developed a minor rivalry with Portsmouth, mainly stemming from the clubs meeting each other 5 times in the 18/19 season.[162] Conversely, sections of fans share a mutual friendship with Dutch club Feyenoord; this was developed after Wearside shipbuilders found jobs in Rotterdam during the 1970s and 80s.[163] The club also has good relations with Norwich City, matches between the two clubs being known as the Friendship Trophy, following good rapport in the 1985 Milk Cup final.[164]

The club had an official quarterly magazine, called the Legion of Light, which season ticket holders received at no cost.[165] It was discontinued in January 2017. One of the club's current fanzines is A Love Supreme.[166] Others in the past have been It's The Hope I Can't Stand, It's An Easy One For Norman/It's An Easy One For Given, Sex and Chocolate, Wise Men Say and The Roker Roar (later The Wearside Roar).[167] In recent years, blogging sites such as Roker Report have been popular.

There are over 70 branches of official Supporters' Clubs in England and around the world, including North America, which started in 2013;[168][169] Scotland;[170] South Africa;[171] Germany;[172] a united Danish and Irish Supporters Branch;[173] a separate Dublin supporters club;[174] Sydney, Australia;[175] United Arab Emirates;[176] Switzerland;[177] and even North Korea.[178][179]

Charitable associations

A charity, the Foundation of Light, is affiliated with the club and helps encourage educational development through football, and offers learning centres in addition to scholarships.[180]

Affiliated clubs

Sunderland have recently created affiliations with several African clubs including Ghana's Asante Kotoko,[181] Egypt's El-Ittihad El-Iskandary [182] and South Africa's Bidvest Wits. Sunderland also have an affiliation with Belgian side Lierse S.K., allowing the possibility for young African players who would not qualify for a UK work permit to spend three years with Lierse to gain a Belgian passport.[183] In August 2014, Sunderland announced a commercial partnership with Washington D.C. based MLS club D.C. United.[184]

Sunderland were the subject, together with Aston Villa, of one of the earliest football paintings in the world - possibly the earliest - when in 1895 the artist Thomas M. M. Hemy painted a picture of a game between the teams at Sunderland's then ground Newcastle Road.[185]

One of the earliest football paintings in the world, Thomas MM Hemy's "Sunderland v. Aston Villa 1895" depicts a match between the two most successful English teams of the decade.

In 1973, Bobby Knoxall recorded "Sunderland All The Way" for the 1973 FA Cup Final record.[186]

Sunderland AFC were mentioned in the show Auf Wiedersehen, Pet, in the episode "The Girls They Left Behind". In the episode, characters Dennis & Oz go to support Sunderland in Liége despite being Newcastle fans.[187]

In 1998 and following the demolition of Roker Park, playwright Tom Kelly and actor Paul Dunn created a one-man play called "I Left My Heart at Roker Park" about a fan struggling with the move and what Roker Park meant for him - the play originally ran in 1997, and had a few revivals since.[188][189][190][191]

In 1998, BBC broadcast a six-part documentary named Premier Passions. It chronicled Sunderland A.F.C. during the 1996–97 season, in which the club was relegated from the Premier League, the year after winning promotion from the Football League First Division, and the move to Stadium of Light.[192][193]

In 2018, Netflix released an eight-part documentary called Sunderland 'Til I Die. It documented the events around Sunderland A.F.C. during their 2017–18 season which saw them relegated from the EFL Championship.[194] As a result of the success of the first series, a second season was confirmed, despite opposition from many club members.[195][196] The opposition was mostly to do with players fearing the series would cause their failures being associated with them for the rest of their careers.[197]

Nicknames
A Black Cat logo on the exterior of the Stadium of Light

Sunderland's official nickname is 'The Black Cats'. The previous nickname, 'The Rokerites', was made redundant after the club left Roker Park for the Stadium of Light in 1997.[198] The new name was decided upon in a public vote that year.[199][200]

Despite the nickname being made official only relatively recently, the black cat has been used as an emblem of the club throughout most of its history. Photographs exist of players holding a black cat which made Roker Park its home in the 1900s and 1910s, and which was fed and watered by the football club.[201] The club's first official badge featured a black cat sitting prominently in its centre.[202] Since the 1960s the emblem of the Sunderland A.F.C. Supporters Association has been a black cat.[203] A Sunderland supporter, Billy Morris, took a black cat in his chest pocket as a good luck charm to the 1937 FA Cup final in which Sunderland brought home the trophy for the first time.[198] Reference has also been made to a "Black Cat Battery", an Artillery battery based on the River Wear during the Napoleonic Wars.[198]

As well as club nicknames, names have been used to define memorable periods in the club's history. The "Team of All Talents" moniker was used during Sunderland's successful period in the 1890s,[4] and Sunderland were known as the "Bank of England club" during the 1950s. This was in reference to the club's spending in the transfer market at the time, which saw the transfer-record broken twice.[4]

Statistics and records
League positions since 1890–91 season.

The holder of the record for the most league appearances is Jimmy Montgomery, having made 527 first team appearances between 1961 and 1976.[204] The club's top league goal scorer is Charlie Buchan, who scored 209 goals from 1911–1925;[205] Bobby Gurney is the record goalscorer over all competitions with 228 goals between 1926 and 1939.[206] Dave Halliday holds the record for the most goals scored in a season: 43 in the 1928–29 season in the Football League First Division.[205] As of October 2014 John O'Shea is the most capped player for the club, making 100 appearances for the Republic of Ireland.[205]

The club's widest victory margin in the league was in the 9–1 win against Newcastle United in the First Division in 1908. Sunderland's biggest ever win in the FA cup was against Fair field (a non-league team) and the final score was 11–1.[207] Their heaviest defeats in the league were 8–0 against Sheffield Wednesday in 1911, West Ham United in 1968, Watford in 1982 and Southampton in 2014[207] Sunderland joined the top division in England, The Football League, in the 1890–91 season and were not relegated until 1957–58 (a span of 67 seasons). In October 2015, Sunderland defeated rivals Newcastle United for the sixth consecutive time, a new record.

Sunderland's record home attendance is 75,200 for a sixth round replay FA Cup match against Derby County on 8 March 1933.[208]

Record goalscorers

11 Sunderland players have scored 100 goals or more in all competitions.[209] They are as follows:

Name Goals
1 Bobby Gurney 228
2 Charlie Buchan 222
3 Dave Halliday 165
4 George Holley 159
5 Kevin Phillips 130
6 Raich Carter 128
7 Jimmy Millar 127
8 Arthur Bridgett 116
9 Patsy Gallacher 107
10 Gary Rowell 103
11 Len Shackleton 100

Transfers

The biggest transfer fee Sunderland have ever received for one of their players is £30 million for Jordan Pickford, who moved to Everton on 1 July 2017. This was also the biggest fee Sunderland have received for a player produced by the Sunderland academy. The biggest transfer fee paid by Sunderland is the eventual £17.1 million for Didier Ndong, who was bought from FC Lorient in August 2016.

Overall
  • Seasons spent at Level 1 of the football league system: 86
  • Seasons spent at Level 2 of the football league system: 30
  • Seasons spent at Level 3 of the football league system: 3
  • Seasons spent at Level 4 of the football league system: 0

As of the 2019–20 season

Kit sponsorship

The first sponsor to appear on Sunderland kits was Cowie's, the business group of then chairman Tom Cowie, between 1983–85.[210][211] The club was sponsored by the Vaux Breweries between 1985 and 1999, with drink brands such as Lambtons sometimes appearing on kits. Subsequently, the club were sponsored by Sunderland car dealership company Reg Vardy from 1999 to 2007.[210] Sunderland were sponsored by the Irish bookmaker Boylesports, who signed a four-year contract with the club in 2007 estimated to be worth £8 million.[212] In April 2010, Sunderland signed a two-year shirt sponsorship deal with tombola, a local online bingo company.[213] On 25 June 2012, Sunderland announced the strengthening of their partnership with the Invest in Africa initiative, with the initiative becoming the club's shirt sponsor for two years. The project is closely linked with Tullow Oil.[214] However, after a year the club announced a new sponsorship deal with South African company Bidvest. On 1 June 2015 Sunderland announced a new sponsorship with Dafabet to appear on the kits for the following season.[215]

The first kit manufacturer to appear on Sunderland kits was Umbro, between 1975–81. French brand Le Coq Sportif produced kits between 1981–83. Nike's first stint as kit manufacturer came between 1983–86, before kits from Patrick (1986–88), Hummel (1988–94), Avec (1994–97) and Asics (1997–00). Nike returned between 2000–04. Diadora produced kits for a solitary season, 2004–05, and Lonsdale made kits between 2005–07. Umbro returned for five seasons between 2007–12, before Adidas became the club's kit manufacturer for the first time in 2012.[216]

Period Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor
1975–81 Umbro none
1981–83 Le Coq Sportif
1983–85 Nike Cowie's
1985–86 Vaux Breweries
1986–88 Patrick
1988–94 Hummel
1994–97 Avec
1997-00 Asics
2000–04 Nike Reg Vardy
2004–05 Diadora
2005–07 Lonsdale
2007–10 Umbro Boylesports
2010–12 Tombola
2012–13 Adidas Invest In Africa
2013–15 Bidvest
2015–18 Dafabet
2018–19 Betdaq
2019–20 Children with Cancer UK

Players

First team squad
As of 1 February 2020[217]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player
1 GK Jon McLaughlin
2 DF Conor McLaughlin
3 DF Joel Lynch
4 DF Jordan Willis
5 DF Alim Öztürk
6 MF Max Power
7 FW Chris Maguire
8 FW Kyle Lafferty
9 FW Charlie Wyke
11 MF Lynden Gooch
12 DF Tom Flanagan
13 MF Luke O'Nien
14 FW Duncan Watmore
No. Position Player
16 GK Lee Burge
17 MF Elliot Embleton
18 MF George Dobson
20 DF Declan John (on loan from Swansea City)
21 MF Ethan Robson
22 FW Will Grigg
23 MF Grant Leadbitter (captain)
25 DF Tommy Smith
26 DF Bailey Wright (on loan from Bristol City)
28 MF Josh Scowen
33 DF Denver Hume
42 FW Antoine Semenyo (on loan from Bristol City)

Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player
DF Jack Baldwin (at Salford City)
MF Aiden McGeady (at Charlton Athletic)

Reserves and Academy

Club officials

Board of Directors
PositionName
Owner/ChairmanStewart Donald
Director/Minority Shareholder (20%)Juan Sartori
Executive DirectorCharlie Methven
Finance DirectorAngela Lowes
DirectorNeil Fox

Information correct as of 12 June 2019 [218]

Coaching staff
PositionName
Manager Phil Parkinson
Assistant Manager Steve Parkin
Head of Recruitment Tony Coton
Goalkeeping Coach Craig Samson
Academy Manager Paul Reid
Under 23 Head Coach Elliott Dickman
Under 18 Head Coach Paul Bryson
Senior Physiotherapist Peter Brand
Kit Manager John Cooke

Information correct as of 12 November 2019 [219]

Managers

Honours

The following are the honours Sunderland have achieved since their foundation in 1879.[220][221][222]

League
1891–92, 1892–93, 1894–95, 1901–02, 1912–13, 1935–36
  • Second Division/First Division/Championship: 5 (level 2)
1975–76, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2004–05, 2006–07
Promoted via Play Offs: 1989–90
  • Third Division/Second Division/League One: 1 (level 3)
1987–88

Cup
  • FA Cup:
    • Winners (2): 1936–37, 1972–73
  • Charity Shield
    • Winners (1): 1936
  • Sheriff of London Charity Shield:
    • Winners (1): 1903

Other
  • BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award: 1
1973
  • Football World Championship: 1
1895

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Further reading
  • Paul Days; John Hudson; Bernard Callaghan (1 December 1999). Sunderland AFC: The Official History 1879–2000. Business Education Publishers Ltd. p. 336. ISBN 978-0-9536984-1-7.
  • Garth Dykes; Doug Lamming (November 2000). All The Lads: A Complete Who's Who of Sunderland A.F.C. Polar Print Group Ltd. p. 312. ISBN 978-1-899538-14-0.
  • Rob Mason (October 2005). Sunderland: The Complete Record. Breedon Books Publishing Co Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85983-472-5.
  • "Sunderland AFC — Statistics, History and Records". The Stat Cat. Retrieved 19 September 2008.
  • "Roll of Honour". Sunderland A.F.C. Retrieved 21 December 2008.

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