Ruby Ridge

Ruby Ridge was the site of an 11-day siege in 1992 in the northwest United States in Boundary County, Idaho, near Naples. It began on August 21, when Randy Weaver, members of his immediate family, and family friend Kevin Harris resisted deputies of the United States Marshals Service (USMS) and the Hostage Rescue Team of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI HRT).

Ruby Ridge standoff
Vicki Weaver as seen from a USMS surveillance position on August 21, 1992
DateAugust 21–31, 1992
Location
Near Naples, Idaho, U.S.

48°37′14″N 116°25′59″W
Caused byResistance to USMS actions taken pursuant to a bench warrant for Randy Weaver after his failure to appear on firearms charges; FBI actions occurred following the death of a U.S. Marshal, statements by Weaver and alleged shots fired at a news helicopter
Resulted inDeaths of Deputy U.S. Marshal W.F. Degan, and civilians Samuel Weaver (juvenile), and Vicki Weaver; arrest of participants Randy Weaver and Kevin Harris (later exonerated)
Parties to the civil conflict
Randy Weaver, members of his immediate family, and family friend Kevin Harris

U.S. government

  • U.S. Marshals
  • FBI
  • ATF
Casualties and losses
2 killed
2 wounded
1 canine killed
1 U.S. Marshal killed
Ruby Ridge
Location within the United States
Ruby Ridge
Ruby Ridge (Idaho)

During a Marshals Service reconnoiter of the Weaver property pursuant to a bench warrant for Weaver after his failure to appear on firearms charges, an initial encounter between six U.S. Marshals and the Weavers resulted in a shootout and the deaths of deputy U.S. Marshal William Francis Degan, age 42, the Weavers' son Samuel (Sammy), age 14, and the Weavers' family dog (Striker). In the subsequent siege of the Weaver residence, led by the FBI, Weaver's 43-year-old wife Vicki was killed by FBI sniper fire. All casualties occurred on the first two days of the operation. The siege and stand-off were ultimately resolved by civilian negotiators, with the surrender and arrest of Kevin Harris on August 30, and the surrender of Randy Weaver and the surviving Weaver children the next day.

Weaver and Harris were subsequently arraigned on a variety of federal criminal charges, including first-degree murder for the death of Degan. Harris was acquitted of all charges, and Weaver was subsequently acquitted of all charges except for the original bail condition violation for the arms charges and for having missed his original court date. He was fined $10,000 and sentenced to 18 months in prison, credited with time served plus an additional three months, then released.[1][2]

During the federal criminal trial of Weaver and Harris, Weaver's attorney Gerry Spence made accusations of "criminal wrongdoing" against the agencies involved in the incident, in particular, the FBI, the USMS, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF), and the United States Attorney's Office (USAO) for Idaho. At the completion of the trial, the Department of Justice's Office of Professional Responsibility formed the Ruby Ridge Task Force (RRTF) to investigate Spence's charges. A redacted HTML version of the RRTF report was publicly released by Lexis Counsel Connect, an information service for attorneys, which raised questions about the conduct and policies of all of the participating agencies. A PDF version of the report was later posted by the Justice Department.[3][4]

Both the Weaver family and Harris brought civil suits against the government over the events of the firefight and siege, the Weavers winning a combined out-of-court settlement in August 1995 of $3.1 million, and Harris being awarded, after persistent appeals, a $380,000 settlement in September 2000.

To answer public questions about Ruby Ridge, the Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information held hearings between September 6 and October 19, 1995, and subsequently issued a report calling for reforms in federal law enforcement to prevent a repeat of the losses of life at Ruby Ridge, and to restore public confidence in federal law enforcement.[5] It was noted that the Ruby Ridge incident and the 1993 Waco siege involved many of the same agencies (e.g., the FBI HRT and the ATF) and some of the same personnel (e.g., the FBI HRT commander.)

The Boundary County prosecutor indicted FBI HRT sniper Lon Horiuchi for manslaughter in 1997 before the statute of limitations for this charge could expire; the Idaho v. Horiuchi case was moved to federal court which has jurisdiction over federal agents.[6] Here, it underwent a supremacy clause dismissal, an en banc reversal on appeal of the dismissal, and ultimately, the dropping of charges after a change in the local prosecutor.[7][8]

Geography

Ruby Ridge is the southernmost of four ridges that extend east from the Bottleneck/Roman Nose mountain range toward the Kootenai River.[9] Caribou Ridge lies north of it,[10] and the area between them drains into the Ruby Creek. Some local maps have identified Ruby Ridge as an extension of Caribou Ridge, but press reporting on the Weaver standoff used the federally recognized name.[11] It is approximately thirty miles (50 km) south of the border with Canada (British Columbia).

Development

Randy Weaver, a former Iowa factory worker and U.S. Army combat engineer,[12] moved with his wife and four children to northern Idaho during the 1980s so they could "home-school his children and escape what he and his wife Vicki saw as a corrupted world."[13][14] In 1978, Vicki, the religious leader of the family,[15] began to have recurrent dreams of living on a mountaintop and believed that the apocalypse was imminent.[16] After the birth of their first son, Samuel, the Weavers began selling their belongings[17] and learning to live without electricity.[15] They bought twenty acres (8 ha) of land on Ruby Ridge in 1983 and began building a cabin;[18] the property was located in Boundary County on a hillside on Ruby Creek opposite Caribou Ridge, northwest of nearby Naples.[11]

In 1984, Randy Weaver and his neighbor Terry Kinnison had a dispute over a $3,000 land deal. Kinnison lost the ensuing lawsuit and was ordered to pay Weaver an additional $2,100 in court costs and damages. Kinnison wrote letters to the FBI, Secret Service, and county sheriff alleging Weaver had threatened to kill the Pope, the President, and governor of Idaho.[19]

In January 1985, the FBI and the Secret Service began an investigation of allegations that Randy Weaver had made threats against the President and other government and law enforcement officials.[20] On February 12, Randy and Vicki Weaver were interviewed by two FBI agents, two Secret Service agents, and the Boundary County sheriff and his chief investigator.[21] The Secret Service was told that Weaver was a member of the Aryan Nations and that he had a large weapons cache at his residence; Weaver denied the allegations, and no charges were filed.[20]

The investigation noted that Weaver associated with Frank Kumnick, who was known to associate with members of the Aryan Nations. Weaver told the investigators that neither he nor Kumnick was a member of the Aryan Nations and described Kumnick as "associated with the Covenant, Sword, and Arm of the Lord."[22] On February 28, 1985, Randy and Vicki Weaver filed an affidavit with the county courthouse alleging that their personal enemies were plotting to provoke the FBI into attacking and killing the Weaver family.[21] On May 6, 1985, Randy and Vicki Weaver sent a letter to President Ronald Reagan, claiming that Weaver's enemies may have sent the president a threatening letter under a forged signature. No evidence of a threatening letter surfaced; however, the 1985 letter was cited by the prosecutor in 1992 as Overt Act 7 of the Weaver family conspiracy against the federal government.[23][24]

ATF involvement

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms first became aware of Weaver in July 1986 when he was introduced to a confidential ATF informant at a meeting at the World Aryan Congress.[20] The informant portrayed himself as a weapons dealer.[22] Weaver had been invited by Frank Kumnick, who was the original target of the ATF investigation. It was Weaver's first attendance. Over the next three years, Weaver and the informant met several times.[20] In July 1989, Weaver invited the informant to his home to discuss forming a group to fight the "Zionist Organized Government", referring to the U.S. Government.[20] In October 1989, the ATF claimed that Weaver sold the informant two sawed-off shotguns, with the overall length of the guns shorter than the legal limit set by federal law. In November 1989, Weaver accused the ATF informant of being a spy for the police; Weaver later wrote he had been warned by "Rico V."[25] The informant's handler, Herb Byerly, ordered him to have no further contact with Weaver. Eventually, the FBI informant Rico Valentino outed the ATF informant to Aryan Nations security.[26]

In June 1990, ATF agent Byerly attempted to use the sawed-off shotgun charge as leverage to get Weaver to act as an informant for his investigation into the Aryan Nations.[20] When Weaver refused to become "a snitch," the ATF filed the gun charges in June 1990, also claiming Weaver was a bank robber with criminal convictions[27] (those claims were false: at that time Weaver had no criminal record, and the subsequent Senate investigation found: "Weaver was not a suspect in any bank robberies.")[28] A federal grand jury later indicted him in December 1990 for making and possessing, but not for selling, illegal weapons in October 1989.[29]

The ATF concluded it would be too dangerous for the arresting agents to arrest Weaver at his property.[20] In January 1991, ATF agents posed as broken-down motorists and arrested Randy Weaver when he and Vicki stopped to assist.[20] Weaver was told of the charges against him, released on bail, and told that his trial would begin on February 19, 1991. On January 22, the judge in the case notified the attorney Everett Hofmeister that he (Hofmeister) would be serving as Weaver's attorney.[30] On that same day, Weaver called the U.S. probation officer Karl Richins and told him, he (Weaver) was instructed to contact him (Richins), on that date. Richins did not have the case file at that time, so he asked Weaver to leave his contact information and Richins would contact him when he received the paperwork. According to Richins, Weaver did not give him a telephone number.[30] The defense counsel Hofmeister sent letters to Weaver on January 19, January 31, and February 5, asking Weaver to contact him to work on his defense within the federal court system.[30]

On February 5, the trial date was changed from February 19 to 20 to give participants more travel time following a federal holiday. The court clerk sent a letter to the parties informing them of the date change, but the notice was not sent directly to Weaver, only to his attorney. On February 7, the probation officer sent Weaver a letter indicating that he now had the case file and needed to talk with Weaver. This letter erroneously indicated that Weaver's trial date was set for March 20.[30][31] On February 8, Hofmeister again attempted to contact Weaver by letter informing him that the trial was to begin on February 20 and that Weaver needed to contact him immediately. Hofmeister also made several calls to individuals who knew Weaver asking them to have Weaver call him. Hofmeister told U.S. District Court Judge Harold Ryan he did not hear from Weaver before the scheduled court date.[32]

When Weaver did not appear in court on February 20, Judge Ryan issued a bench warrant for failure to appear in court.[31][33] On February 26, Ken Keller, a reporter for the Kootenai Valley Times, telephoned the U.S. Probation Office and asked whether the reason that Weaver did not show in court on February 20 was that the letter sent to him by Richins had the incorrect date.[34] Upon finding a copy of the letter, the Chief Probation Officer, Terrence Hummel, contacted Judge Ryan's clerk and informed them of the incorrect date in the letter. Hummel also contacted the U.S. Marshals Service and Weaver's attorney informing them of the error. The judge, however, refused to withdraw the bench warrant.[34]

The U.S. Marshals Service did agree to put off executing the warrant until after March 20 to see whether Weaver would show up in court on that day. If he were to show up on March 20, the DOJ claimed that all indications are that the warrant would have been dropped.[34] Instead of waiting to see whether Weaver would show up on March 20, however, the U.S. Attorney's Office (USAO) called a grand jury on March 14. The USAO failed to provide the grand jury with Richins' letter (which contained the error that the trial date was March 20), and the grand jury issued an indictment for failure to appear.[34]

U.S. Marshals Service involvement

When the Weaver case was passed from the ATF to the Marshals Service, no one informed the marshals of the fact that ATF had attempted to solicit Weaver as an informant.[35]

As the law enforcement arm of the federal court, it was the duty of the U.S. Marshals to bring in Randy Weaver, now considered a fugitive.[36] Unlike most federal fugitives, who flee across state lines to avoid arrest, Weaver simply stayed in his remote home, threatening to resist any attempt to take him by force.[37][38]

Weaver was known to have an intense distrust of government, and it is believed that the erroneous Richins letter increased this sentiment and may have contributed to his reluctance to appear for trial. Weaver was clearly suspicious of what he viewed as inconsistent messages from the government and his own lawyer, and this inconsistency further enforced his belief that there was a conspiracy against him.[34] Weaver came to believe that he would not receive a fair trial if he were to appear in court. His distrust grew further when he was erroneously told by his magistrate that if he lost the trial, he would lose his land, essentially leaving Vicki homeless, and that the government would take away his children.[39]

U.S. Marshals Service officers made a series of attempts to have Weaver surrender peacefully, but Weaver refused to leave his cabin. Weaver negotiated with U.S. Marshals Ron Evans, W. Warren Mays, and David Hunt through third parties from March 5 to October 12, 1991, when Assistant U.S. Attorney Ron Howen directed that the negotiations cease.[40] The U.S. Attorney directed that all negotiations would go through Weaver's court-appointed counsel; however, Weaver did not have any contact with the attorney and refused to talk with him. Marshals then began preparing plans to capture Weaver to stand trial on the weapons charges and his failure to appear at the correct trial date.[41]

Although marshals stopped the negotiations as ordered, they made other contact. On March 4, 1992, U.S. Marshals Evans and Jack Cluff drove to the Weaver property and spoke with Weaver posing as real-estate prospects.[41] At a March 27 USMS HQ meeting, Art Roderick code named the operation "Northern Exposure".[42] Surveillance teams were dispatched and cameras were set up to record activity at Weaver's residence. Marshals observed that Weaver and his family responded to vehicles and other visitors by taking up armed positions around the cabin until the visitors were recognized.[41]

Threat source profile

Beginning in February 1991, U.S. Marshals developed a Threat Source Profile on Randy Weaver. The evolution of that profile was later criticized in a 1995 report by a subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee:

The Subcommittee is ... concerned that, as Marshals investigating the Weaver case learned facts that contradicted information they previously had been provided, they did not adequately integrate their updated knowledge into their overall assessment of who Randy Weaver was or what threat he might pose. If the Marshals made any attempt to assess the credibility of the various people who gave them information about Weaver, they never recorded their assessments. Thus, rather than maintaining the Threat Source Profile as a living document, the Marshals added new reports to an ever-expanding file, and their overall assessment never really changed. These problems rendered it difficult for other law enforcement officials to assess the Weaver case accurately without the benefit of first-hand briefings from persons who had continuing involvement with him.[43]

Many of the people used by the marshals as third party go-betweens on the Weaver case—Bill and Judy Grider, Alan Jeppeson, Richard Butler—were evaluated by the marshals as more radical than the Weavers themselves. When Deputy U.S. Marshal (DUSM) Dave Hunt asked Bill Grider about Weaver: "Why shouldn't I just go up there ... and talk to him?" Grider replied, "Let me put it to you this way. If I was sitting on my property and somebody with a gun comes to do me harm, then I'll probably shoot him."[44] In the later Department of Justice OPR Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, Grider's words were incorrectly reported as a threat made by Weaver.[45]

The profile included "a brief psychological profile completed by a person who had conducted no first-hand interviews and was so unfamiliar with the case that he referred to Weaver as 'Mr. Randall' throughout".[46][47] A later memo circulated within the DOJ opined that:

The assumptions of federal and some state and local law enforcement personnel about Weaver—that he was a Green Beret, that he would shoot on sight anyone who attempted to arrest him, that he had collected certain types of arms, that he had "booby-trapped" and tunneled his property—exaggerated the threat he posed.[48]

Rivera helicopter incident

Following a fly-over by a hired helicopter for Geraldo Rivera's Now It Can Be Told television show on April 18, 1992, U.S. Marshal Service HQ received media reports that Weaver had shot at the helicopter.[49][50] That day in Idaho, a U.S. Marshals team was installing surveillance cameras overlooking the Weaver property.[51] The field report for April 18, filed by Marshal W. Warren Mays, reported seeing a helicopter near the Weaver property, but not hearing any shots fired.[52] Weaver is on record via interview with a local newspaper as having denied that anyone had fired at the helicopter.[52][53] The helicopter pilot Richard Weiss eventually gave evidence in an FBI interview denying that Weaver fired on his helicopter, and the Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994) states that when the "indictment [of Weaver] was presented to the grand jury, the prosecution had evidence that no shots had been fired at the helicopter."[54][55]

The media reports that Weaver had fired on the Rivera helicopter became part of the justification later cited by USMS Wayne "Duke" Smith and FBI HRT Commander Richard Rogers in drawing up the Ruby Ridge Rules of Engagement on August 21–22, 1992. Also, in spite of Richard Weiss's repeated denials that shots had been fired at his helicopter, U.S. Attorney Ron Howen would charge that, as Overt Act 32 of the Weaver's Conspiracy Against the Federal Government, Randy, Vicki, and Harris fired two shots at the Rivera helicopter.[23]

Operation "Northern Exposure" was suspended for three months due to the confirmation hearings for United States Marshals Service Director Henry E. Hudson.[56]

Incident at the "Y" in the trails

The USMS had not dropped the case, and on Friday, August 21, 1992, six marshals were sent to scout the area to determine suitable places away from the cabin to ambush and arrest Weaver.[57][58][59] The marshals, dressed in military camouflage, were equipped with night-vision goggles and M16 rifles.[13][60] Deputy U.S. Marshals (DUSMs) Art Roderick, Larry Cooper, and Bill Degan formed the reconnaissance team, while DUSMs David Hunt, Joseph Thomas, and Frank Norris formed an observation post (OP) team on the ridge north of the cabin.[61]

At one point, Roderick threw two rocks at the Weaver cabin to test the reaction of the dogs.[62] The action provoked the dogs; Weaver's friend Kevin Harris and Weaver's 14-year-old son Samuel (Sammy) emerged and followed the dog Striker to investigate.[13] Harris and the younger Weaver said that they were hoping that the dog had noticed a game animal since the cabin was out of meat.[63] The Recon team marshals (Roderick, Cooper, and Degan) initially retreated through the woods in radio contact with the OP team, but later took up hidden defensive positions.[64]

Later, OP team marshals and the Weavers both claimed the Weaver dogs were alerted to the Recon team marshals in the woods after neighbors at the foot of the mountain started their pickup truck.[64] The Recon team marshals retreated through the woods to the "Y" junction in the trails 500 yards (460 m) west of the cabin, out of sight of the cabin. Sammy Weaver and Kevin Harris followed the dog Striker on foot through the woods while Randy Weaver, also on foot, took a separate logging trail; Vicki, Sara, Rachel, and baby Elisheba remained at the cabin, at first appearing anxious to the OP team, but later appearing relaxed.[64] Randy encountered the marshals at the "Y"; Roderick claimed to have yelled, "Back off! U.S. Marshal!" upon sighting Weaver, and Cooper said he had shouted, "Stop! U.S. Marshal!".[36] By their account, the dog and the boys came out of the woods about a minute later, and a firefight erupted between the marshals and Sammy Weaver and Harris.[65][66]

A later ballistics report showed that nineteen rounds were fired in total during the firefight.[67] Art Roderick was shown to have fired one shot from an M16A1, Bill Degan fired seven rounds from an M16 (while moving at least 21 feet (6.4 m)), Larry Cooper to have fired six rounds from a 9 mm Colt submachine gun, Sammy Weaver to have fired three rounds from a .223 Ruger Mini-14, and Harris fired two rounds from a .30-06 M1917 Enfield Rifle.[68]

In the firefight, a shot or shots from DUSM Roderick killed the Weavers' dog, a yellow Labrador Retriever, at which time Sammy Weaver is reported to have returned fire at Roderick.[68] After the federal agents began firing, Sammy Weaver was killed by a shot to the back while retreating,[68][13] and DUSM Degan was shot and killed by Harris.[68][69]

The matter of who fired the shot that killed the youth Sammy Weaver was of critical concern in all investigations. At the time of the writing of the Ruby Ridge: Report ... (1996), the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government, chaired by Arlen Specter, noted that the government's position at trial was that Cooper had fired the shot that killed Sammy Weaver; however, at the time of writing, the Subcommittee had engaged further experts, and declined to draw a final conclusion.[70] In the DOJ's Ruby Ridge Task Force (RRTF) report to the Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR, 1994), while noting that the marshals of the USMS "went to great lengths in preparing for their mission to avoid endangering the Weaver children," and that "[t]here is [i.e., was at the time of that report] no proof, and we do not conclude, that Cooper intentionally aimed the fatal shot at Sammy Weaver," they close by stating:

The evidence suggests, but does not establish, that the shot that killed Sammy Weaver was fired by DUSM Cooper.[71][72][73]

Reporter Jess Walter, in his highly regarded work Ruby Ridge,[74] concludes that the bullet that killed Sammy Weaver was indeed fired by Larry Cooper.[75][76]

Accounts differ between Harris and the Federal agents as to who fired first.[77][78] In the 1993 trial over the death of Deputy U.S. Marshal Degan, prosecutors alleged that Harris had fired the first shot; Harris asserted self-defense and was acquitted.[79]

On cross examination by the defense, ballistics experts called by the prosecution testified that the physical evidence contradicted neither the prosecution nor defense theories of the firefight.[75] It was the testimony of Martin Fackler, regarding those responsible for which shots, that Roderick fired the shot or shots that killed the dog, that Degan fired the shot that hit Sammy in the right elbow, that Harris shot and killed Degan, and that Cooper "probably" shot and killed Sammy.[80] The 1993 jury trial resulted in an acquittal of Kevin Harris.[79] Reporter Jess Walter concludes in Ruby Ridge that Cooper fired the bullet that killed Sammy Weaver, in part based on evidence from a later search—in 1997—by a local sheriff that produced a bullet and fibers that connected Cooper's gun and Sammy Weaver's shirt and wound.[75]

The version of the firefight presented by DUSMs Roderick and Cooper stated that the dog preceded Kevin Harris, and then Sammy Weaver, out of the woods. Deputy Marshal Degan is then presented as challenging Harris, who turned and shot and fatally wounded Degan before Degan could fire a single shot. The account proceeds to describe Roderick as shooting the dog once, Sammy firing twice at Roderick, and Roderick firing once again. Roderick and Cooper testified that they heard multiple gunshots from the Weaver party. Cooper testified to having fired two three-shot bursts at Harris, to seeing Harris fall "like a sack of potatoes", and to seeing leaves fly up in front of him, presumably from the impact of a round, which then led Cooper to seek cover. Cooper testified to having seen Sammy run away, and then to radioing to OP team member Dave Hunt that he had wounded or killed Harris.[81]

As described by Randy and Sara Weaver, in their account, The Federal Siege (1998), Kevin Harris' version of events differed, as follows.[82] Harris reported to them that the dog was followed by Sammy Weaver and then Kevin Harris out of the woods, and that the dog ran up to Cooper and danced about as he did in playing with the children. He reports that the dog then ran to Roderick, who shot the dog in front of Sammy Weaver, who then yelled "You shot my dog, you son of a bitch" and who then fired a shot at Roderick.[83] Degan is then described as coming out of the woods firing his M16, and hitting Sammy in the arm. Then, Harris is described as firing and hitting Degan in the chest. The Harris account to the Weavers then has Cooper firing at Harris, who ducked for cover, and Cooper firing again and hitting Sammy in the back, who then fell. Harris then describes himself firing about 6 feet (2 m) in front of Cooper, forcing him to take cover, whereupon he states having heard Cooper announce that he was a U.S. Marshal. Harris then describes that he checked Sammy's body, found him dead, and ran to the Weaver's cabin.[84]

After the firefight at the "Y", marshals Hunt and Thomas went from the hillside to a neighbor's house to call for assistance from the USMS Crisis Center while marshals Norris, Cooper, and Roderick stayed with Degan's body at the "Y". Randy and Vicki went to the "Y" and retrieved Sammy's body. Randy, Vicki and Harris placed Sammy's body in a guest cabin near the main cabin.[85][86] From 11:15 a.m. onward, Hunt reported to the Crisis Center in Washington D.C. that no further gunfire had been heard.[87]

Siege and controversy

In the aftermath of the firefight on August 21 at 11:20 am PDT, USMS Dave Hunt[87] requested immediate support from Idaho law enforcement,[88] and alerted the FBI that a marshal had been killed.[87] Following Hunt's phone call, the Marshals Service Crisis Center was activated under the direction of Duke Smith, Associate Director for Operations. The Marshals Service Special Operations Group ("SOG") was alerted to deploy.[88] In response to the USMS call, the Boundary County sheriff's office mobilized.[89] Also in response to the USMS request, Idaho Governor Cecil Andrus declared a state of emergency in Boundary County, allowing use of the Idaho National Guard Armory at Bonners Ferry and, after an initial delay, to use National Guard armored personnel carriers (APCs).[90] Soon thereafter, the Idaho State Police arrived at the scene.[89]

FBI Headquarters in Washington, DC, responded by sending the Hostage Rescue Team (HRT) from Quantico to Idaho;[91] Special Agent in Charge (SAC) Eugene Glenn of the Salt Lake City FBI office was appointed Site Commander with responsibility for all active individuals from the FBI, ATF, and USMS.[91] A stand-off ensued for eleven days, as several hundred federal agents surrounded the house,[92] and negotiations for a surrender were attempted.[93]

Special ROE and sniper/observer deployment

By Saturday, August 22, special rules of engagement (ROE) were drafted and approved by FBI Headquarters and the Marshal Service for use on Ruby Ridge.[94] According to the later RRTF report to the DOJ (1994), the Ruby Ridge ROE were as follows:

  1. "If any adult in the area around the cabin is observed with a weapon after the surrender announcement had been made, deadly force could and should be used to neutralize the individual."[95]
  2. "If any adult male is observed with a weapon prior to the announcement deadly force can and should be employed if the shot could be taken without endangering any children."[95]
  3. "If compromised by any dog the dog can be taken out."[95]
  4. "Any subjects other than Randy Weaver, Vicki Weaver, Kevin Harris presenting threat of death or grievous bodily harm FBI rules of deadly force apply. Deadly force can be utilized to prevent the death or grievous bodily injury to oneself or that of another."

(From the sworn statement of FBI SAC Eugene Glenn).[95]

As noted in a footnote to the report in this crucial section:

The [ROE] was modified from "adult" to "adult male" [in ROE point 2] to exclude Vicki Weaver around 2:30 or 3:00 p.m. after consultation with [SAC Eugene] Glenn because Vicki Weaver was not seen at the site of Degan's slaying.[96]

The ROE were communicated to agents on site, including communication to HRT sniper/observers prior to deployment,[96] communications that included the change of "adult" to "adult male" to exclude Vicki Weaver.[96] Some deployed FBI agents, in particular the sniper/observers, would later describe the adopted ROE as a "green light" to "shoot on sight".[97]

On Wednesday, August 26, the ROE that had been in effect since the arrival of the HRT were revoked. Per Glenn's direction, the FBI's Standard Deadly Force Policy replaced the ROE to guide the law enforcement personnel that were to be deployed to the cabin perimeter. The FBI rules of deadly force in effect in 1992 stated that:

Agents are not to use deadly force against any person except as necessary in self-defense or the defense of another, when they have reason to believe that they or another are in danger of death or grievous bodily harm. Whenever feasible, verbal warnings should be given before deadly force is applied.

This was in stark contrast to the permissive ROE adopted for the Ruby Ridge stand-off.[98][99]

Deployment of sniper/observers, ROE understanding

On August 22, the second day of the siege, between 2:30–⁠3:30 pm, the FBI HRT sniper/observer teams were briefed and deployed to the cabin on foot.[94] According to the RRTF report to the DOJ, there were various views and interpretations taken of these ROEs by members of FBI SWAT teams in action at the Ruby Ridge site, including describing them as "severe" and "inappropriate" (Denver SWAT team leader Gregory Sexton), and as "strong" and a "departure from the ... standard deadly force policy", as "inappropriate", and of a sort he "had never been given" before (two members of the Denver SWAT team). The latter of these two members stated further that "other SWAT team members were taken aback by the Rules and that most of them clung to the FBI's standard deadly force policy," and a further team member responded to the briefing on the ROE with "[y]ou've gotta be kidding."[100]

However, most of the FBI HRT sniper/observers accepted the ROE as modifying the deadly force policy. Examples included HRT sniper Dale Monroe, who saw the ROE as a "green light" to shoot armed adult males on sight, and HRT sniper Edward Wenger who believed that if he observed armed adults, he could use deadly force, but he was to follow standard deadly force policy for all other individuals. Fred Lanceley, the FBI Hostage Negotiator at Ruby Ridge, was "surprised and shocked" at the ROE, the most severe rules he had ever heard in his over 300 hostage situations, and characterized the ROE as being inconsistent with standard policy.[101][102] A later Senate report criticized the ROE as "virtual shoot-on-sight orders."[103]

Sniper shots: R. Weaver wounding, V. Weaver killing

Before the negotiators arrived at the cabin, FBI sniper Lon Horiuchi, from a position over 200 yards (180 m) north and above the Weaver cabin,[104] shot and wounded Randy Weaver in the back with the bullet exiting his right armpit, while he was lifting the latch on the shed to visit the body of his dead son.[105] (The sniper testified at the later trial that he had put his crosshairs on Weaver's spine, but Weaver moved at the last second.[106]) Then, as Weaver, his 16-year-old daughter Sara,[107] and Harris ran back toward the house, Horiuchi fired a second bullet, killing Vicki Weaver[108] and wounding Harris in the chest. Vicki Weaver was standing behind the door through which Harris was entering the house, holding their 10-month-old baby Elisheba,[107] in her arms.[109][110]

Constitutionality of the second shot

The RRTF report to the DOJ's Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR) of June 1994 stated unequivocally in conclusion (in its executive summary) that the rules that allowed the second shot to have taken place did not satisfy constitutional standards for legal use of deadly force.[111] The 1996 report of the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information, Arlen Specter [R-PA], Chair, concurred, with Senator Dianne Feinstein [D-CA] dissenting.[112] The RRTF report also found the lack of a request to surrender "inexcusable",[113] since Harris and the two Weavers were not an imminent threat (reported as running for cover without returning fire).[114]

The task force also specifically blamed Horiuchi for firing through the door, not knowing whether someone was on the other side of it.[113] While controversy exists as to who is responsible for approving the rules of engagement that were being followed by the FBI sniper, the task force also condemned the rules of engagement that allowed shots to be fired without request for surrender.[113][105]

Situational reevaluation, ROE suspension, siege end

Both FBI HQ and the Site Commanders in Idaho re-evaluated the situation based on information they were receiving from U.S. Marshals Hunt, Cooper and Roderick about what had happened on August 21. On August 23, repeated attempts to negotiate with Weaver via bullhorn failed with no response from the cabin.[94]

On about Monday, August 24, the fourth day of the siege on the Weaver family, FBI Deputy Assistant Director Danny Coulson, who was unaware that Vicki Weaver had been killed,[115] wrote a memo with the following content:

Something to Consider

1. Charge against Weaver is Bull S___.
2. No one saw Weaver do any shooting.
3. Vicki has no charges against her.

4. Weaver's defense. He ran down the hill to see what dog was barking at. Some guys in camys [camouflage] shot his dog. Started shooting at him. Killed his son. Harris did the shooting. He is in pretty strong legal position.[116]

The stand-off was ultimately resolved by civilian negotiators including Bo Gritz—to whom Weaver agreed to speak.[93] Through the intermediacy of Gritz, Harris, who had earlier urged Weaver to end his suffering, surrendered on August 30 (Sunday) and was removed via stretcher, and flown by an Air Force medical evacuation helicopter to Sacred Heart Medical Center in Spokane.[117][118][119] Likewise, Weaver allowed the removal of his wife's body, the move of which, via body bag, Gritz oversaw.[117][118][119] FBI HRT Commander gave Gritz a deadline to get the remaining Weavers to surrender, else the standoff would be resolved by a tactical assault.[120] Weaver and his daughters surrendered the next day; both Harris and Weaver were arrested.[121] Harris was in serious condition at Sacred Heart, but U.S. Marshals did not allow his parents to see him (or talk by telephone) until Monday evening, after a federal court order was issued.[122] Weaver's daughters were released to the custody of relatives, although some consideration was given to charging Sara, who was 16, as an adult.[123]

Weaver was transferred by military helicopter to the airport at Sandpoint then flown by USMS jet to Boise and given a brief medical examination at St. Luke's Medical Center. He was held at the Ada County jail and arraigned in federal court the following day, Tuesday, September 1.[124][125]

Aftermath: trials, acquittals, awards, investigations, perspectives

Weaver and Harris were charged with a variety of offenses;[121][126] their trial in U.S. District Court in Boise began in April 1993,[127][128] and was presided over by Judge Edward Lodge.[31][129][130] Weaver's defense attorney, Gerry Spence, rested his case in mid-June without calling any witnesses for the defense, instead seeking to convince the jury through cross-examination aimed at discrediting government evidence and witnesses.[130][131][132][133] Weaver was ultimately acquitted in July of all charges except missing his original court date and violating his bail conditions,[134][135] for which he was sentenced in October to 18 months and fined $10,000.[1][136][137] Credited with time served and good behavior, Weaver served less than 16 months and was released from the Canyon County jail in Caldwell in mid-December.[138][139]

Harris was defended by attorney David Niven and was acquitted of all charges.[79][134][135] Exactly five years after the incident (August 21, 1997), he was indicted by Boundary County prosecutor Denise Woodbury for the first-degree murder of DUSM Bill Degan,[140][141][142][143] but the charge was dismissed in early October on grounds of double jeopardy, because he had been acquitted in the federal criminal trial on the same charge in 1993.[144][145][146]

Defense counsels for Weaver and Harris alleged throughout their 1993 trial that agents of the ATF, USMS, and FBI were themselves guilty of serious wrongdoing, leading the Department of Justice (DOJ) to create the Ruby Ridge Task Force (RRTF), which delivered a 542-page report on June 10, 1994, to the DOJ Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR).[3][4] (This RRTF report, originally available in a highly redacted form,[4] became available in a much more complete form.[3])

Questions persisted about Ruby Ridge and the subsequent Waco siege, which involved the same agencies and many of the same officials. The Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information held fourteen days of hearings, ending on October 19, 1995.[147] The hearings were televised on C-SPAN and confirmed many of the questions raised by the DOJ OPR Report.[148] Both the internal 1994 Ruby Ridge Task Force Report and the public 1995 Senate subcommittee report on Ruby Ridge criticized the rules of engagement as unconstitutional.[111][112] A 1995 GAO report on use of force by federal law enforcement agencies would be composed, and report: "In October 1995, Treasury and Justice adopted use of deadly force policies to standardize the various policies their component agencies had adopted over the years."[149] The major change was the requirement of a reasonable belief of an "imminent" danger of death or serious physical injury, which brought all federal LEA deadly force policies in line with the U.S. Supreme Court rulings Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 18 (1985) and Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989) that applied to state and local law enforcement agencies.[150]

The surviving members of the Weaver family filed a wrongful death suit for $200 million. In an out-of-court settlement in August 1995, the federal government awarded Randy Weaver $100,000 and his three daughters $1 million each. The government did not admit any wrongdoing in the deaths of Sammy and Vicki.[151][152] On the condition of anonymity, a DOJ official told the Washington Post that he believed the Weavers probably would have won the full amount if the case had gone to trial.[69]

American domestic terrorists Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols cited the federal government's handling of Ruby Ridge and the Waco siege as their primary motivation for the Oklahoma City bombing, in which they detonated a massive truck bomb in front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killing 168 people.[153]

FBI HRT sniper Lon Horiuchi was indicted for manslaughter in 1997 by Boundary County prosecutor Woodbury just before the statute of limitations for the crime of manslaughter expired,[141][143][154] but the trial was removed to federal court in 1998 and Judge Lodge quickly dismissed on grounds of sovereign immunity.[13][155][156] The decision to dismiss the charges was reversed (6–5) in 2001 by an en banc panel of the Ninth Circuit, which held that enough uncertainty about the facts of the case existed for Horiuchi to stand trial on state manslaughter charges.[157][158][159] Boundary County prosecutor Brett Benson, who had defeated Woodbury in the May 2000 primary and handily won the November election,[160] decided to drop the charges because he felt it was unlikely the state could prove the case and too much time had passed.[161][162] Stephen Yagman, the special prosecutor, responded that he "could not disagree more with this decision than I do."[163]

Randy and Sara Weaver wrote a 1998 paperback book, The Federal Siege at Ruby Ridge, about the incident. (The appendix of the book is a reprint of the 1995 Report on the U.S. Senate Ruby Ridge Hearing.)[164]

The attorney for Harris pressed Harris's civil suit for damages, although federal officials vowed they would never pay someone who had killed a U.S. Marshal. In September 2000, after persistent appeals, Harris was awarded a $380,000 settlement from the government.[165]

The Weaver family, including Randy, later moved to Kalispell, Montana, where Sara and the other two Weaver daughters are employed. After becoming a born again Christian, Sara Weaver said in 2012 that she had forgiven the federal agents who killed her mother and brother.[166]

A CBS miniseries about the Ruby Ridge incident, titled Ruby Ridge: An American Tragedy, aired on May 19 and 21, 1996,[167] based on the book Every Knee Shall Bow by reporter Jess Walter.[99] It starred Laura Dern as Vicki, Kirsten Dunst as Sara, and Randy Quaid as Randy.[13] The television series was edited together in movie form as The Siege at Ruby Ridge.[168]

In 1999,[169] renowned Bluegrass musician Peter Rowan paid homage to the tragedy at Ruby Ridge in his song "The Ballad of Ruby Ridge," sympathetic to the Weaver family.

In a 2007 episode of Criminal Minds agent David Rossi reveals that he was at Ruby Ridge during the siege. His quote was, "All anyone remembers was that an FBI sniper killed a woman while she was holding her baby." [170]

In 2017, it was the focus of the 323rd episode of American Experience, the 5th of its 29th season.

The standoff, including the shooting of Vicki Weaver, is featured in the first episode of the Paramount Network television miniseries Waco in 2018.

The New York Times bestselling memoir Educated by Tara Westover references the incident in relation to her own family's preparations to defend their home against potential siege by "the Feds".

The Ruby Ridge incident was the subject of the first season of the narrative podcast series Slate Presents. The 4-episode season, titled Standoff: What Happened at Ruby Ridge? ran as a stand-alone miniseries hosted by journalist Ruth Graham.[171]

See also
  • Branch Davidians
  • Christian Identity
  • Critical Incident Response Group (CIRG)
  • Leonard Peltier
  • List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States
  • Michigan Militia
  • Militia of Montana
  • Militia organizations in the United States
  • Montana Freemen
  • MOVE
  • Oklahoma City bombing
  • Rainbow Farm
  • Waco siege
  • Bundy standoff
  • Sagebrush Rebellion
  • Shannon Street massacre
  • Singer-Swapp Standoff (1988)

Bibliography

Primary sources
  • Ruby Ridge Task Force (June 10, 1994). Report of the Ruby Ridge Task Force to the Office of Professional Responsibility [OPR] of Investigation of Allegations of Improper Governmental Conduct in the Investigation, Apprehension and Prosecution of Randall C. Weaver and Kevin L. Harris [most complete version] (Report). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Chapters and sections cited from this work include:
  • I. Introduction / Executive Summary
  • §B. Significant Findings.
  • IV. Specific Issues Investigated
  • §B. The Failure of Weaver to Appear for Trial (2. Statement of Facts, subsection c.; or passim);
  • §C. Efforts by the Marshals Service to Effect the Arrest of Weaver (2. Statement of Facts, subsections a., g.);
  • §D. Marshals Service Activities Between August 17 and 21, 1992 (2. Statement of Facts, subsection c.; 3. Discussion, subsections a., c.; 4. Conclusion; or passim)
  • §F. FBI's Rules of Engagement and Operations on August 21 and 22, 1992 (2. Statement of Facts, subsections a.-g.; 3. Discussion, subsection a; or passim);
  • §H. Law Enforcement Operations at Ruby Ridge From August 22, 1992 Until August 31, 1992 (2. Statement of Facts, subsection b.); and
  • §L. Scope of the Indictment and Alleged Prosecutorial Misconduct Before the Grand Jury (passim).
  • VI. Chronology of Events (passim).
Note, other nearly identical sources of the same content are available online, e.g., differing only in terms of header or introductory content.
  • Ruby Ridge Task Force (November 9, 2006 rel.) [ June 10, 1994]. Report of the Ruby Ridge Task Force to the Office of Professional Responsibility [OPR] of Investigation of Allegations of Improper Governmental Conduct in the Investigation, Apprehension and Prosecution of Randall C. Weaver and Kevin L. Harris [OPR legacy, highly redacted version] (PDF series)|format= requires |url= (help) (Report). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
This source exists as a series of PDF files of the full but heavily redacted report, including cover page-p. 39, pp. 40–84, pp. 85–125, pp. 126–165, pp. 166–211, pp. 212–251, pp. 252–298, pp. 299–338, pp. 339–395, pp. 396–474, pp. 475–516, and pp. 517–545, all via Justice.gov, all. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
Chapters and sections cited from this work include:
  • Introduction
  • B. United States Marshal Service
  • § 5. August 21, 1992 Firefight (subsections a.–c.)
  • D. Federal Bureau of Investigation
  • § 4. Two Shots Taken by Sniper/Observer on August 22, 1992 (subsection c.)
  • Weaver, Randy & Weaver, Sara (1998). The Federal Siege at Ruby Ridge: In Our Own Words. Ruby Ridge, ID: Ruby Ridge Inc. ISBN 0-9664334-0-8.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

Secondary sources

References and notes
  1. "18 Months in Jail for White Supremacist". The New York Times. October 19, 1993. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  2. Walter, Jess (2002). Ruby Ridge: The Truth and Tragedy of the Randy Weaver Family (1st trade pbk. ed.). New York: ReganBooks. ISBN 978-0060007942.
  3. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994; more complete version), see Bibliography.
  4. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (2006) [1994; OPR legacy, highly redacted version, PDF series], see Bibliography.
  5. "Opening Statement of Louis J. Freeh, Director Federal Bureau of Investigation". fas.org. October 19, 1995. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  6. "F.B.I. Agent to Be Tried In Federal Court". The New York Times. January 13, 1998. Retrieved June 26, 2007.
  7. Verhovek, Sam Howe (June 15, 2001). "F.B.I. Agent To Be Spared Prosecution in Shooting". The New York Times. Seattle, WA. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
  8. Idaho v. Horiuchi, 266 F.3d 979 (9th Cir. September 14, 2001).
  9. "Ruby Ridge". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  10. "Caribou Ridge". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  11. Walter, Jess (2002). Ruby Ridge: The Truth and Tragedy of the Randy Weaver Family (1st trade pbk. ed.). New York: ReganBooks. p. 71. ISBN 978-0060007942.
  12. "Weaver's battle is now in courtroom". Lewiston Sun-Journal. (Maine). Associated Press. September 2, 1992. p. 14. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  13. Suprynowicz, Vin (1999). "The Courtesan Press, Eager Lapdogs to Tyranny [Ch. 6]". Send in the Waco Killers: Essays on the Freedom Movement, 1993–1998. Pahrump, NV: Mountain Media. pp. 288–291. ISBN 0-9670259-0-7. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  14. Schwartz, Stephen H. (executive producer, TLC); Nealon, Jon (producer); Zirnkilton, Steven (narrator) et al. (May 22, 2004). "Ruby Ridge". television documentary. Discovery Communications, Reality Productions Group. The Learning Channel [TLC]. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  15. "Ruby Ridge, Part One: Suspicion". pbs.org. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  16. Lief, Michael S.; Caldwell, H. Mitchell (2007). The Devil's Advocates: Greatest Closing Arguments in Criminal Law. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1416571865.
  17. Hull, Anne (April 30, 2001). "Randy Weaver's Return From Ruby Ridge". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  18. Walter, Jess (2002). Ruby Ridge: The Truth and Tragedy of the Randy Weaver Family (1st trade pbk. ed.). New York: ReganBooks. pp. 50–55. ISBN 978-0060007942.
  19. "Report of the Ruby Ridge Task Force" (PDF). justice.gov. June 10, 1994. pp. 21, 24. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  20. "Report of the Ruby Ridge Task Force" (PDF). justice.gov. June 10, 1994. pp. 13, 22. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  21. Walter, Jess (2002). Ruby Ridge: The Truth and Tragedy of the Randy Weaver Family (1st trade pbk. ed.). New York: ReganBooks. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-0060007942.
  22. "The Shooting at Ruby Ridge". byington.org. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  23. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), §IV.L., pp. 325-377.
  24. "The Shooting at Ruby Ridge". byington.org. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  25. Weaver & Weaver, The Federal Siege (1998), p. 29.
  26. Walter, Ruby Ridge (2002), p. 112.
  27. Quarles, Chester L. (2004). Christian Identity: The Aryan American Bloodline Religion. McFarland. p. 161. ISBN 978-0786481484.
  28. Parker, R. J. (2012). Top Cases of The FBI. Rj Parker Publishing, Inc.
  29. "Report of the Ruby Ridge Task Force" (PDF). justice.gov. June 10, 1994. p. 34. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  30. "Report of the Ruby Ridge Task Force" (PDF). justice.gov. June 10, 1994. p. 38. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  31. "Weaver's lawyers say warrant was invalid -- court clerk testifies that suspect was given wrong date". Seattle Times. Associated Press. April 23, 1993. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  32. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §B.2.c., p. 44f. [Quote:] "On February 20, Howen and defense counsel Hofmeister appeared before the U.S. district court judge Harold L. Ryan. At that time, Hofmeister told the court that he had been unable to contact Weaver."
  33. "Report of the Ruby Ridge Task Force" (PDF). justice.gov. June 10, 1994. p. 2. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  34. "The Shooting at Ruby Ridge". byington.org. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  35. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §B.2.b.(2), pp. 40–43. [Quote:] "Indeed, it was not until over a year later that the marshals learned of this action."
  36. "Every Knee Shall Bow". Newsweek. August 27, 1995. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  37. [Author unknown] (March 1, 1992). "Feds Have Fugitive 'Under Our Nose'". Spokesman Review (print publication)|format= requires |url= (help). Spokane, WA: A19.
  38. "Marshals Know He's There But Leave Fugitive Alone" (print and online publication). The New York Times: A14. March 13, 1992. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  39. Walter, Ruby Ridge (2002), p. 140.
  40. "The Shooting at Ruby Ridge". byington.org. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  41. "The Shooting at Ruby Ridge". byington.org. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  42. Walter, Ruby Ridge (2002), p. 151.
  43. Company, Diane Publishing (1996). Ruby Ridge: Report of the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Diane Publishing. ISBN 978-0788129766. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  44. Walter, Ruby Ridge (2002), p. 132.
  45. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §B.2.d, pp. 46–52. [Quote:] "Grider responded that Weaver had warned that 'if a man enters my property with a gun to do me harm, you can bet that I'm going to shoot him to protect myself' [FN153]." The report further notes in footnote 150 [FN150] that "Law enforcement regarded the Griders as 'more radical and dangerous than Weaver.'"
  46. Company, Diane Publishing (1996). Ruby Ridge: Report of the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Diane Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 978-0788129766. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  47. See also RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §C.2.a, pp. 64f, which quotes the report of Dr. Walter J. Stenning dated, per Footnote 190, to May 13, 1991, that refers repeatedly to "Mr. Randal (sic.)", and concludes, also in Footnote 190, that "Dr. Stenning appears to have relied on information already amassed and did not conduct an independent investigation."
  48. Memorandum by Deputy Attorney General Jamie Gorelick dated April 5, 1995, cited in U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism Ruby Ridge: Report (1996), p. 35.
  49. "The Shooting at Ruby Ridge". byington.org. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  50. Morlin, Bill (April 23, 1992). "Helicopter shot at near fugitive's cabin". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. B1.
  51. "Report of the Ruby Ridge Task Force" (PDF). justice.gov. June 10, 1994. p. 3. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  52. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §C.2.g.(2), footnote 246, pp. 78–80.
  53. "Fugitive: No Surrender". Coeur d'Alene Press. Coeur D'Alene, ID. May 3, 1992. This source does not appear to be available online for verification.
  54. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §L.3.a., and footnote 1196, pp. 359-365.
  55. Quoting footnote 1196 in its entirety, cited in the preceding: Only one of the four people in the helicopter thought he heard shots; the other three heard nothing of [sic.] were certain that the helicopter had not taken fire. A photographer in the helicopter saw someone gesture at the helicopter and thought he heard two shots on a boom microphone. [Report references for the foregoing statement,] FD-302 Interview of Dave Marlin, September 16, 1992. However, another passenger said that no shots has been fired and that "it would have been 'grossly unfair' to accuse the Weavers of shooting." [Report references for the foregoing statement,] FD-302 Interview of Richard Weiss, September 11 & 18, 1992, at 1–2; see FD-302 Interview of Brooke Skulski, September 28, 1992. Weaver denied that shots had been fired at the helicopter. [Report references for the foregoing statement,] "Fugitive: No Surrender," Coeur D'Alene Press, May 3, 1992, at 1. Deputy property [sic., text presumed omitted] on the day of the alleged shooting, but was unaware of any evidence that shots had been fired. See Report of Investigation by Mays, April 18, 1992.
  56. Walter, Ruby Ridge (2002), p. 158.
  57. Company, Diane Publishing (1996). Ruby Ridge: Report of the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Diane Publishing. p. 39. ISBN 9780788129766. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  58. Wiley, John K. (August 22, 1992). "U.S. deputy marshal gunned down". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. p. 1A.
  59. Wiley, John (August 24, 1992). "Marshal murdered on the run". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. (Idaho-Washington). Associated Press. p. 1A.
  60. McCabe, Scott. "Crime History – Marshals descend on Ruby Ridge". Washington Examiner. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  61. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §D.2.c.(2), p. 112.
  62. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §D.3.a.(4), p. 121.
  63. Bock, Alan W. (1993). "Ambush at Ruby Ridge". Reason (October). Retrieved February 8, 2017. [Subtitle:] How government agents set Randy Weaver up and took his family down.
  64. Parker, R. J. (2012). Top Cases of The FBI. Rj Parker Publishing, Inc.
  65. U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Ruby Ridge: Report (1996), pp. 38–49.
  66. Walter, Ruby Ridge (2002), pp. 163–180.
  67. Albright, Syd (September 14, 2014). "Idaho's tragedy at Ruby Ridge". Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  68. Worthington, Rogers (August 6, 1995). "Next Siege Probe For Congress: Idaho". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  69. Lynch, Tim (August 21, 2002). "Remember Ruby Ridge" (online). National Review. Retrieved February 7, 2017 – via Cato.org.
  70. U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Ruby Ridge: Report (1996), Ch. B. § 5.b., pp. 46f.
  71. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §D.3.c. and 4., pp. 125–127.
  72. Quoting from the RRTF report cited in the preceding. From subsection 3.c.:"Although it is not our intention to speculate, the evidence, though not conclusive, certainly suggests that the shot that killed Sammy came from Cooper's .9mm weapon. We have found no evidence that Cooper, or any of the marshals, intentionally sought to kill or injure Sammy Weaver. / Cooper said that he purposely fired three shots at Harris, after Harris shot Degan and appeared to be preparing to fire at Degan again. ... Cooper next fired a second three round burst, in the direction from which he had received fire, as cover in an effort to reach Degan. He said this burst was not directed at a specific target. It is possible that Sammy may have been mortally wounded at that time. / Sammy Weaver was shot during a firefight in which he was a participant. There is no proof, and we do not conclude, that Cooper intentionally aimed the fatal shot at Sammy Weaver. Indeed, the record demonstrates that the marshals went to great lengths in preparing for their mission to avoid endangering the Weaver children."
  73. Quoting from the RRTF report cited in the preceding. From subsection subsection 4., "We are unable to determine who initiated the gunfire at the Y on August 21. The evidence suggests, but does not establish, that the shot that killed Sammy Weaver was fired by DUSM Cooper. Assuming that to be so, we find that there was no intent on the part of Cooper or any of the other marshals to harm Sammy Weaver. We also find that the marshals did not attempt to conceal the shooting of Sammy Weaver since they were unaware that Sammy Weaver had even been injured."
  74. The Jess Walter book, Ruby Ridge: The Truth and Tragedy of the Randy Weaver Family (2002)—first released in 1995 as Every Knee Shall Bow: The Truth and Tragedy of Ruby Ridge and the Randy Weaver Family (see Bibliography)—is a widely praised journalistic work, having been called a "stunning job of reporting" by The New York Times [see Mansnerus, Laura (February 11, 1996). "Books in Brief: Nonfiction [Every Knee Shall Bow: The Truth and Tragedy of Ruby Ridge and the Randy Weaver Family. By Jess Walter. Regan Books/HarperCollins]" (book review). The New York Times. Retrieved February 12, 2017.] and the "most comprehensive, best-written and even-handed account of Ruby Ridge" by the Washington Times [see "Ruby Ridge – Jess Walter". HarperCollins.com. February 12, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2017.]
  75. See Walter, Ruby Ridge (2002), p. 390. In 1997 Boundary County Sheriff Greg Sprungl conducted an independent search of the "Y" and Lucien Haag confirmed that a bullet found in that search matched Cooper's gun and contained fibers that matched Sammy Weaver's shirt.
  76. Morlin, Bill (October 23, 1997). "Marshal Killed Weaver's Son At Ruby Ridge Tests Confirm Bullet Came From Federal Agent's Gun, Says Sheriff". Spokesman.com. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  77. Goodman, Barak (February 14, 2017). "Ruby Ridge". American Experience. Season 29. Episode 6. Event occurs at 24:30. PBS. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  78. Lohr, David (2003). "Randy Weaver: Siege at Ruby Ridge [23 Chapters]". Court TV's Crime Library. New York: American Lawyer Media. p. 12. Archived from the original on December 6, 2003. Retrieved February 8, 2017 – via CrimeLibrary.com.
  79. Egan, Timothy (July 9, 1993). "Rebuking the U.S., Jury Acquits 2 In Marshal's Killing in Idaho Siege". The New York Times. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  80. Walter, Ruby Ridge (2002), p. 390.
  81. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §D., pp. 96–127.
  82. Weaver & Weaver, The Federal Siege (1998). Book-length source cited without page number or chapter, so content appearing at these footnoted locations is not yet traceable to this source.
  83. Goodman, Barak (February 14, 2017). "Ruby Ridge". American Experience. Season 29. Episode 6. Event occurs at 23:33. PBS. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  84. "Ruby Ridge Figure Disuptes U.S. Marshals". The New York Times. September 27, 1995. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  85. Martin, Rachel (January 31, 2016). "The Federal Response To Oregon Occupation May Have Roots In Ruby Ridge". NPR.org. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  86. Vohryzek, Miki; Olson-Raymer, Gayle; Whamond, Jeffery O. (2001). Domestic Terrorism and Incident Management: Issues and Tactics. Charles C Thomas Publisher. p. 175. ISBN 978-0398083083.
  87. Goodman, Barak (February 14, 2017). "Ruby Ridge". American Experience. Season 29. Episode 6. Event occurs at 26:20. PBS. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  88. "Report of Ruby Ridge Task Force; June 10, 1994 – pages 517–545" (PDF). justice.gov. June 10, 1994. p. 518. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  89. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §E.2.a., pp. 128–131. US Border Patrol agents were among the respondents at Ruby Ridge, according to USMS Crisis Center logs, see footnote 454. Quote: By this time, agents from the U.S. Border Patrol, the Boundary County Sheriff's Office, and the Idaho State Police had reached the scene ...
  90. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §H.2.b., p. 235.
  91. "Report of Ruby Ridge Task Force; June 10, 1994 – pages 517–545" (PDF). justice.gov. June 10, 1994. p. 519. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  92. "Ruby Ridge standoff: A timeline". Spokesman.com. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  93. "Report of Ruby Ridge Task Force; June 10, 1994 – pages 517–545" (PDF). justice.gov. June 10, 1994. p. 520. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  94. "Report of Ruby Ridge Task Force; June 10, 1994 – pages 517–545" (PDF). justice.gov. June 10, 1994. p. 521. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  95. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §F.2.b., text before footnote 553, and again after footnote 714 (the latter of which corresponds to this numbered list); at pp. 163–172.
  96. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §F.2.b., footnote 553, in pp. 163–172.
  97. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §F., pp. 155–228.
  98. Lardner Jr, George; Lei, Richard (July 14, 1995). "Permissive Rules of Engagement' at Issue in Ruby Ridge Shooting". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  99. Walter, Jess (1996) [1995]. Every Knee Shall Bow: The Truth and Tragedy of Ruby Ridge and the Randy Weaver Family. New York: HarperPaperbacks. p. 190. ISBN 0-06-101131-2. Retrieved February 7, 2017. The link to this title is to the 1996 edition.
  100. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §F.2.c., from footnote 614 to 616, pp. 173–183.
  101. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §F.2.a.–g., pp. 156–193.
  102. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §F.3.a., pp. 200–208.
  103. Company, Diane Publishing (1996). Ruby Ridge: Report of the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Diane Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-0788129766. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  104. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §F.2.f., p. 188.
  105. Witkin, Gordon (September 11, 1995). "The Nightmare of Idaho's Ruby Ridge" (print and online news). US News & World Report. 119 (10): 24. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  106. Spence, Gerry (2015). Police State: How America's Cops Get Away with Murder. Macmillan. p. 51. ISBN 978-1250073457.
  107. Hewitt, Bill; Nelson, Margaret; Haederle, Michael; Slavin, Barbara (September 25, 1995). "A Time to Heal". People. 45 (13). Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  108. Morganthau, Tom; Isikoff, Michael; Cohn, Bob (August 28, 1995). "The Echoes of Ruby Ridge". Newsweek: 25–28. Retrieved February 8, 2017. The trio of authors appearing in this citation are absent on the linked webpage, but are added as they appear as this work is cited in a variety of other sources. E.g., see citation [1] in Wessinger, Catherine (January 13, 1998). "How the Millennium Comes Violently". Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego, CA: Department of Religious Studies, San Diego State University. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  109. State of Idaho v. Lon T. Horiuchi [1] (9th Cir. June 5, 2001). Text
  110. Goodman, Barak (February 14, 2017). "Ruby Ridge". American Experience. Season 29. Episode 6. Event occurs at 30:00. PBS. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  111. RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. I., §B., pp. 2–6.
  112. U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Ruby Ridge: Report (1996), Ch. D. § 4.c., p. 88. Quoting from the report: "c. Legality of the Second Shot / The Subcommittee believes that the second shot was inconsistent with the FBI's standard deadly force policy and was unconstitutional. It was even inconsistent with the special Rules of Engagement. [Footnote 1: Senator Feinstein dissents ...]"
  113. Balleck, Barry J. (2014). Allegiance to Liberty: The Changing Face of Patriots, Militias, and Political Violence in America. ABC-CLIO. p. 145. ISBN 978-1440830969.
  114. Company, Diane Publishing (1996). Ruby Ridge: Report of the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Diane Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 978-0788129766.
  115. Newton, Michael (2012). The FBI Encyclopedia. McFarland. p. 154. ISBN 9781476604176.
  116. Company, Diane Publishing (1996). Ruby Ridge: Report of the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Diane Publishing. p. 56. ISBN 978-0788129766. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  117. Walter, Jess; Morlin, Bill (August 31, 1992). "Harris gives up; Weavers remain". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. A1.
  118. Ashton, Linda (August 31, 1992). "End to siege drawing near". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. (Idaho-Washington). Associated Press. p. 1A.
  119. Goodman, Barak (February 14, 2017). "Ruby Ridge". American Experience. Season 29. Episode 6. Event occurs at 45:15. PBS. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  120. Bock, Alan W. (1998) [1995]. Ambush at Ruby Ridge: How Government Agents Set Randy Weaver Up and Took His Family Down. Collingdale, PA: Diane Books. ISBN 1-880741-48-2.
  121. Wiley, John K. (September 1, 1992). "Fugitive's war in court". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. (Idaho-Washington). Associated Press. p. 1A.
  122. Guthrey, Molly (September 2, 1992). "Agents leave Ruby Ridge to residents". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. B1.
  123. Neiwert, David A. (1999). In God's Country: The Patriot Movement and the Pacific Northwest. Pullman: Washington State University Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-87422-175-7. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  124. Wiley, John K. (September 1, 1992). "Weaver comes down from the mountain". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. p. 1A.
  125. Miller, Dean (September 2, 1992). "Weaver says federal agents killed wife in retaliation". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. A1.
  126. Kreller, Kathleen (June 15, 1993). "Jury ready to deliberate in Weaver murder trial". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. (Idaho-Washington). Associated Press. p. 1A.
  127. Walter, Jess (April 14, 1993). "Authorities gear up for trial". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. A1.
  128. Miller, Dean (April 15, 1993). "Weaver painted as prophet of violence". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. A1.
  129. Miller, Dean (April 17, 1993). "Defense mistrial bid denied". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. B1.
  130. Foster, J. Todd (June 15, 1993). "Stage set for final arguments". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. A1.
  131. "Jury begins deliberations today in Weaver, Harris trial". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. June 16, 1993. p. 4C.
  132. Foster, J. Todd (June 16, 1993). "Weaver's, Harris' fate rests with jury". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. A1.
  133. Jones, Stephen; Israel, Peter (2001). Others Unknown Timothy Mcveigh And The Oklahoma City Bombing Conspiracy. PublicAffairs. p. 331. ISBN 1586480987.
  134. Kreller, Kathleen (July 8, 1993). "Weaver cleared in slaying". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. (Idaho-Washington). Associated Press. p. 1A.
  135. Kreller, Kathleen (July 9, 1993). "Jurors examined every scrap". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. (Idaho-Washington). Associated Press. p. 5A.
  136. Miller, Dean; Walter, Jess (October 19, 1993). "Weaver gets 18-month term". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. A1.
  137. Kreller, Kathleen (October 19, 1993). "Weaver sentenced to 18 months". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. (Idaho-Washington). Associated Press. p. 4A.
  138. Miller, Dean (December 18, 1993). "Weaver goes free". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. A1.
  139. Warbis, Mark (December 17, 1993). "Former fugitive Randy Weaver freed after 16 months in jail". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. (Idaho-Washington). Associated Press. p. 1A.
  140. Mattos, Jenifer (August 22, 1997). "Double Jeopardy at Ruby Ridge?". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
  141. Keating, Kevin (August 22, 1997). "Harris surrenders". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. A1.
  142. Wiley, John K. (August 22, 1997). "County to prosecute FBI agent, Harris". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. (Idaho-Washington). Associated Press. p. 4A.
  143. Keating, Kevin (August 22, 1997). "Prosecutor steps into the spotlight". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. A12.
  144. Walter, Ruby Ridge (2002), pp. 389ff.
  145. Keating, Kevin (October 3, 1997). "Harris charges dropped". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. A1.
  146. "Charges against Kevin Harris dismissed". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. (Idaho-Washington). Associated Press. October 3, 1997. p. 4A.
  147. "Reno draws criticism at Ruby Ridge hearing". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. October 20, 1995. p. 2C.
  148. U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Ruby Ridge: Report (1996), pp. 1. [Quote:] "Introduction: In the summer of 1995, the Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information announced that it would hold public hearings into allegations that several branches of the Departments of Justice and the Treasury had engaged in serious criminal and professional misconduct in the investigation, apprehension and prosecution of Randall Weaver and Kevin Harris at Ruby Ridge, Idaho." See for comparison, the opening of RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), appearing in the Bibliography.
  149. GAO Staff: Rabkin, Norman J.; Harris, Daniel C.; Hamilton, Geoffrey R.; et al. (March 1996). Use of Force: ATF Policy, Training and Review Process Are Comparable to DEA's and FBI's (Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Treasury, Postal Service, and General Government, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, [Document] GAO/GGD-96-17) (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office [GAO]. p. 33 of 125 pages. Retrieved February 14, 2017.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See also p. 3, "Both Treasury and Justice define 'deadly force' as use of any force that is likely to cause death or serious physical injury." Note, this report does not explicitly mention Rudy Ridge; the association between this report, and the title event, is elsewhere substantiated.
  150. The rulings referred to are Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 18 (1985), and Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989). See GAO Staff (March 1996), Use of Force, op. cit. (immediately preceding citation)
  151. Labaton, Stephen (August 16, 1995). "Separatist Family Given $3.1 Million from Government". The New York Times. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
  152. Ostrow, Ronald J. (August 16, 1995). "U.S. to Pay $3.1 Million for '92 Idaho Shootout". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 7, 2017 – via Cato.org. [Quote:] Court: Settlement in Weaver case reflects loss of mother, son in Ruby Ridge incident. But wrongdoing is denied.
  153. "Timothy McVeigh Biography.com". The Biography.com website. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
  154. Wiley, John K. (August 22, 1997). "Charges filed in Ruby Ridge shootings". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. p. 1A.
  155. "Weaver says dismissal's no surprise". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. May 16, 1998. p. 10A.
  156. Nieves, Evelyn (June 6, 2001). "F.B.I. Agent Can Be Charged In Idaho Siege, Court Rules". The New York Times. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  157. For the Appeals Court ruling on Horiuchi, see State of Idaho v. Lon T. Horiuchi [2], 98-30149 (9th Cir. June 5, 2001). Proceedings of December 20, 2000 to June 5, 2001; includes Special Rules of Engagement, and the dissent by Judge Alex Kozinski.
  158. Kravets, David (June 6, 2001). "Court: FBI shooter can be tried in Ruby Ridge slaying". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. p. 1A.
  159. Wilson, Mike (June 6, 2001). "Weaver cheers appeals court's ruling". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. p. 9A.
  160. Drumheller, Susan (November 8, 2000). "Boundary sheriff loses to sergeant". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. A20.
  161. Clouse, Thomas; Drumheller, Susan (June 15, 2001). "No last shot at Ruby Ridge". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. A1.
  162. Geranios, Nicholas K. (June 15, 2001). "Prosecutor will drop charges against sniper". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. p. 1A.
  163. Verhovek, Sam Howe (June 15, 2001). "F.B.I. Agent To Be Spared Prosecution in Shooting". The New York Times. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
  164. Weaver & Weaver, The Federal Siege (1998), see Bibliography.
  165. Walter, Ruby Ridge (2002), pp. 382f.
  166. Geranios, Nicholas K. (August 20, 2012). "20 Years After Ruby Ridge, There's Forgiveness". NBC News. Associated Press. Retrieved February 7, 2017. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  167. "The Siege at Ruby Ridge (TV Movie 1996)". imdb. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  168. Young, Roger (director), Chetwynd, Lionel (screenwriter) et al. (2007). Standoff at Ruby Ridge. Edgar J. Scherick Associates, Regan Company, Victor Television Productions (producers). Retrieved February 7, 2017.
  169. Bonine, Richard Pray (1999). Alice in Washington. ISBN 978-1583487488.
  170. Criminal Minds, Season Three, Episode entitled "Identity". Original air date, November 7, 2007.
  171. "Slate Presents: Standoff". Slate Magazine. Retrieved March 19, 2019.

Further reading and viewing

Vital further sources

Other books
  • Brown, Tony D. & Brown, Jackie J. (2000). The First Canary: The Inside Story of Ruby Ridge and A Decade Of Cover Up. ISBN 0-9710248-0-4.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Whitcomb, Christopher (2001). Cold Zero: Inside the FBI Hostage Rescue Team. ISBN 0-552-14788-5.
  • Kessler, Ronald (2002). The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI. ISBN 0-312-98977-6.
  • Ronson, Jon (2002). Them: Adventures with Extremists. ISBN 0-7432-3321-2.

Other reports
  • Anon. (1999). Project Megiddo (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. p. 21. Retrieved February 8, 2017. [Quote:] The attached analysis, entitled PROJECT MEGIDDO, is an FBI strategic assessment of the potential for domestic terrorism in the United States undertaken in anticipation of or response to the arrival of the new millennium.[primary source] Note, the author and date of publication do not appear on the title page or mast head of the document, but are inferred from other sources.

Other documentaries

Randy Weaver and the Siege at Ruby Ridge have been the focus of numerous documentaries, including:

  • "American Standoff," Retro Report / New York Times, October 26, 2014.
  • Season 1, Episode 1: "The Legend of Ruby Ridge" of the documentary series Secret Rulers of the World. – April 2001
  • Atrocities at Ruby Ridge: the Randy Weaver Story, Produced by KPOC-TV 1995; VHS tape distributed by The FOREND Times, Inc.
  • A&E Network American Justice series, episode 047 – "Deadly Force": A look at controversial law enforcement policy. Features the police bombing of the MOVE headquarters in Philadelphia, which killed 11, and the shootings of Randy Weaver's wife and son at Ruby Ridge. Bill Kurtis hosts.
  • "Ruby Ridge Investigation", by Nightline 1995, ABC News; ASIN B00005BK47
  • PBS American Experience: "Ruby Ridge", episode S29E07, February 14, 2017. (This episode is also available on Netflix.)

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