Macedonia (Roman province)

After the reforms of Diocletian in the late 3rd century, Epirus Vetus was split off, and sometime in the 4th century, the province of Macedonia itself was divided into Macedonia Prima in the south and Macedonia Secunda or Salutaris in the north. These provinces were all subordinate to the Diocese of Macedonia, one of three dioceses comprising the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum. When the Prefecture was divided between the Western and Eastern Empires in 379, the Macedonian provinces were included in Eastern Illyricum. With the permanent division of the Empire in 395, Macedonia passed to the East, which would evolve into the Byzantine Empire.

The Dardanians, to the north of the Paeonians, were not included in the Roman province of Macedonia, and they initially had supported the Romans in their conquest of Macedonia, but later felt into confrontation with Rome.[4]

Achaea or Achaia was initially part of the Roman Province of Macedonia (from 146 to 27 BC). It later became a separate Province by the Augustan Settlement of 27 BC, which established the Roman Empire.

The Roman provinces of Epirus Vetus and Epirus nova in relation to modern borders.

Epirus, later Epirus Vetus ("Old Epirus"; Ancient Greek: Παλαιᾶ Ἤπειρος), was a province in the Roman Empire that corresponded to the region of Epirus. Between 146 BC and 27 BC, it was part of the province of Macedonia, after which it became part of Achaea, before becoming a separate province under Emperor Trajan.

Epirus Nova ("New Epirus", Ancient Greek: Νέα Ἤπειρος) or Illyria Graeca[5][6][7] or Illyris proper was a province of the Roman Empire established by Diocletian during his restructuring of provincial boundaries. Until then, the province belonged to the province of Macedonia.[8][9] Dyrrachium (or Epidamnus) was established as the capital of Epirus Nova.[10] The region of Epirus Nova corresponded[11] to a portion of Illyria that was then "partly Hellenic and partly Hellenized".[12]

Roman provinces, 400

Macedonia Prima ("First Macedonia") was a province encompassing most of the kingdom of Macedonia, coinciding with most of the modern Greek region of Macedonia, and had Thessalonica as its capital.

Macedonia Salutaris ("Wholesome Macedonia"), also known as Macedonia Secunda ("Second Macedonia") was a province partially encompassing both Pelagonia and Dardania and containing the whole of Paeonia. The province mostly coincides with the present-day North Macedonia. The town of Stobi located to the junction of the Crna Reka and Vardar (called in Greek Axios) rivers, which was the former capital of Paeonia, arose later in the capital city of Macedonia Salutaris.

This province was encompassing the area of ancient Thessaly, which was right in the south of ancient Macedonia. Also herein are being mentioned the subdivisions of Thessalia Prima and Thessalia Secunda.

A tetradrachm of Thasos from Roman controlled Macedonia. It was minted between 148 and 80 BC. Obverse shows Dionysos and reverse shows Herakles.

The reign of Augustus began a long period of peace, prosperity and wealth for Macedonia, although its importance in the economic standing of the Roman world diminished when compared to its neighbor, Asia Minor.

The economy was greatly stimulated by the construction of the Via Egnatia, the installation of Roman merchants in the cities, and the founding of Roman colonies. The Imperial government brought, along with its roads and administrative system, an economic boom, which benefited both the Roman ruling class and the lower classes. With vast arable and rich pastures, the great ruling families amassed huge fortunes in the society based on slave labor.

The Roman empire under Hadrian (ruled 117-38), showing the senatorial province of Macedonia' in southeastern Europe

The improvement of the living conditions of the productive classes brought about an increase in the number artisans and craftspeople to the region. Stonemasons, miners, blacksmiths, etc. were employed in every kind of commercial activity and craft. Greek people were also widely employed as tutors, educators and doctors throughout the Roman world.

The export economy was based essentially on agriculture and livestock, while iron, copper, and gold along with such products as timber, resin, pitch, hemp, flax and fish were also exported. Another source of wealth was the kingdom's ports, such as Dion, Pella, Thessalonica, Cassandreia.[13]

• Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus (147 BC);
• Gnaeus Egnatius (146/145 BC);
• Lucius Julius Caesar (93/92 BC);
• Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella (80—78 BC);
• Appius Claudius Pulcher (78—76 BC);
• Gaius Scribonius Curio Burbulieus (75/74 BC);
• Lucius Manlius Torquatus (64/63 BC);
• Gaius Antonius Hybrida (62/61 BC);
• Gaius Octavius (60/59 BC);
• Lucius Appuleius (c. 58 BC);
• Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (57—55 BC);
• Quintus Ancharius (c. 54 BC);
• Titus Antistius (50 BC);
• Marcus Favonius propraetor (?) (48 BC)

• Lucius Tarius Rufus (18-16 BC)
• Publius Vinicius (AD 2/3)
• Publius Memmius Regulus (with Achaea, between AD 31 and 37)
• Marcus Helvius Geminus (before 54)[14]
• M. Julius Romulus (between 54 and 68)[15]
• Marcus Vettius Bolanus (before 66)[15]
• Lucius Antonius Saturninus (76/77)[16]
• P. Tullius Varro (between 70 and 79)
• Lucius Baebius Honoratus (before 83)
• Gaius Salvius Liberalis (84/85)
• L. Cocceius Justus (c. 100)
• Q. Annius Maximus (113/114)
• M. Arruntius Claudianus (between 96 and 118)
• Octavius Antoninus (119/120)
• Lucius Varius Ambibulus (124/125)
• Junius Rufinus (between 118 and 138)
• Q. Gellius Sentius Augurinus (between 118 and 139)
• [Iul]ius [Fr]ugi (c. 138)
• Sextus Pedius Hirrutus Lucilius Pollio (c. 148)[17]
• P. Antius Orestes (164/165)
• Publius Julius Geminius Marcianus (c. 166)
• [... A]qu[i]linus (between 139 and 180)
• Cornelius Rufus (between 161 and 180)
• Marcus Antius Crescens Calpurnianus (c. 200)
• Dulcitius (c. 300)
• Calliopius of Antioch (362)

• Damon of Thessalonica 2nd century BC